In the Completely Autotrophic Nitrogen removal Over Nitrite (CANON) process, aerobic and anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria cooperate to remove ammonia in one oxygen-limited reactor. Kinetic studies, microsensor analysis, and fluorescence in situ hybridization on CANON biomass showed a partial differentiation of processes and organisms within and among aggregates. Under normal oxygen-limited ...

Avicenna, the Iranian scientist, describes the mechanisms of normal voiding in his famous book, the Canon of Medicine. Then, he enumerates urinary symptoms. In this article, his discussion on dysuria, its causes, and its pathophysiology is compared with these concepts in modern urology. Avicenna points to some etiologic theories of interstitial cystitis and chronic prostatitis. In the Canon, we...

The judgment of Sir William Scott in Dalrymple v Dalrymple has been lauded by subsequent judges and academic writers, and is frequently cited as authority for the proposition that under the canon law the exchange of vows in words of the present tense was sufficient to create a marriage that was valid for all purposes. Of course, by 1811 legislation had long supplanted the canon law in England a...

Identification of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria by molecular tools aimed at the evaluation of bacterial diversity in autotrophic nitrogen removal systems is limited by the difficulty to design universal primers for the Bacteria domain able to amplify the anammox 16S rRNA genes. A metagenomic analysis (pyrosequencing) of total bacterial diversity including anammox population in...

Agnosia is defined as a neurologic disorder through which the patient loses the ability to recognize persons, objects, shapes or sounds depending on the sense involved whereas the sense might not be defective and there might not be any memory loss (1). Chronologically, agnosia was first described by Carl Wernicke (1874) and Kuss-maul (1877) who tried to respectively explain receptive aphasia an...

Although sociolinguists have performed a valuable service in challenging folk theories about African American English (AAE), they also have unwittingly participated in the construction of sociolinguistic folklore about variation and change in AAE. Several examples of sociolinguistic myths are presented, including the supraregional myth, the change myth, and the social stratification myth. Data ...