OBJECTIVE Urinary lithiasis affects between five and 10% of the human population during their lifetime, only 2-3% of whom are children. Therapy of urolithiasis in the pediatric age group with minimally invasive methodology represents an attractive alternative. This study presents results of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, a minimally invasive methodology, for the treatment of urinary lith...

In this tutorial we present the system SUBSEXPL that is used for simulating and comparing explicit substitutions calculi. This framework was developed in Ocaml, a language of the ML family, and it allows the manipulation of expressions of the λ-calculus and of several styles of explicit substitutions calculi. Applications of this framework include: the visualisation of the contractions of the λ...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of scrotal calculi in men referred for scrotal ultrasonography (US), to identify any associated pathologies, and to investigate if any relationship exists between scrotal lithiasis and pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective study in which 4084 scrotal US examinations in 3435 men were evaluated. Scrotal US was perfo...

This paper is concerned with the study of-calculus with explicit recursion, namely of cyclic-graphs. The starting point is to treat a-graph as a system of recursion equations involving-terms, and to manipulate such systems in an unrestricted manner, using equational logic, just as is possible for rst-order term rewriting. Surprisingly, now the connuence property breaks down in an essential way....

Unilateral renal aplasia (URA), which belongs to congenital solitary functioning kidney (CSFK), may lead to renal failure in patient’s later life. URA is often associated with other malformations, among which urological anomalies are the most common ones. Herein, we present a case of a 52-year-old man with the left URA and aplastic ureter with ipsilateral seminal vesicle opening to (AUISVO). Th...

bstructive uropathy is a common clinical problem, and urethral calculi constitute the least common form of calculous disease leading to obstructive uropathy. Urethral calculi may originate anywhere in the urinary tract, usually the bladder, and then migrate to the urethra. The clinical presentation is variable. Patients may have acute retention, dysuria, or a weak urine stream.1 Sonography is a...

We extend the methodology in Baaz and Fermüller (1999) [5] to systematically construct analytic calculi for semi-projective logics-a large family of (propositional) locally finite many-valued logics. Our calculi, defined in the framework of sequents of relations, are proof search oriented and can be used to settle the computational complexity of the formalized logics. As a case study we derive ...

We describe the case of a patient with calcium oxalate monohydrate and calcium oxalate dihydrate calculi occluded in cavities. All those calculi were located inside narrow cavities covered with a thin epithelium that permits their visualization. Urinary biochemical analysis showed high calciuria, not hypercalciuria, hypocitraturia, and a ratio [calcium]/[citrate] >0.33. The existence of cavitie...

We introduce a criterion of eeciency to simulate-reduction in calculi of explicit substitutions and we apply it to several calculi: , * , , s, t and u. The latter is presented here for the rst time and may be considered as an eecient variant of s. The results of this paper imply that calculi a la s are usually more eecient at simulating-reduction than calculi in the-style. In fact, we prove tha...

Binary direction relations between points in two-dimensional space are the basis to any qualitative direction calculus. Previous calculi are only on a very low level of granularity. In this paper we propose a generalization of previous approaches which enables qualitative calculi with an arbitrary level of granularity. The resulting calculi are so powerful that they can even emulate a quantitat...