The role of opioid receptor and voltage dependent calcium channels on the kindling induced by the convulsant pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) were investigated in the rats. Experiment involved 24 rats which were divided into four groups. Kindling was established with PTZ in subconvulsive dose (37.5 mg/kg i.p.) every 48 h and effects were observed within 20 min using five-point scoring system. All anima...

IMPORTANCE Hypertension is common and costly. Over the past decade, new antihypertensive therapies have been developed, several have lost patent protection and additional evidence regarding the safety and effectiveness of these agents has accrued. OBJECTIVE To examine trends in the use of antihypertensive therapies in the United States between 1997 and 2012. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS...

Study selection and assessment: randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated calcium channel blockers or a blockers as the main treatment for ureteral stone disease (mean size 3.9–7.8 mm) and had >1 week follow up (range 15–48 d). Studies were excluded if medical therapy was an adjunct to surgery. 9 RCTs (n = 693, mean age range 34–47 y, 25% to 60% women) met the selection criteria. In 3 ...

Gradually the pattern of use of antihypertensive drug agents has changed, from prime use of diuretics and beta-blockers, to preference for the inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and the calcium channel blockers. In assessing the value of potentially conflicting evidence, attention should be paid to the hierarchy of evidence, which works its way up through 10 steps from isolated case rep...

Elevated blood pressure is an important cardiovascular risk factor. Although targets for both diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) are defined by current guidelines, DBP has historically taken precedence in hypertension management. However, there is strong evidence that SBP is superior to DBP as a predictor of cardiovascular events. Moreover, achieving control of SBP...

Poisoning and overdose of beta-blockers may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Management is often complicated by failure of initial first-line interventions in severe ingestions. High-dose insulin, or hyperinsulinemia/euglycemia therapy has been well described in calcium channel blocker overdose as well as mixed ingestions of calcium channeland betablocker agents. The data...

Patients with recently diagnosed atrial fibrillation (AF) tend to exhibit a longer fibrillation cycle length (FCL) than those having a longer clinical history. However, the electrophysiological properties of new-onset AF may vary because of the clinical background of patients. In this study, we evaluated clinical factors to identify the determinants of FCL in new-onset AF. Electrocardiograms (E...

Background: Medical Expulsive Therapy (MET) has become an established part of the protocol for treatment of ureteric stones of less than 5 mm size in the lower 1/3rd of the ureter. Drugs like calcium channel blockers and α-1 adrenergic blockers with or without corticosteroid along with hydration have been used to facilitate expulsion of stones. Aims & Objective: In this study effectiveness of α...

Some kinds of drugs such as calcium (Ca(2+)) channel antagonists, antiepileptics and immunosuppressants cause gingival overgrowth as a side effect, the mechanism of which is still unclear. We have examined the effects of isradipine, one of the dihydropyridine-derivative Ca(2+) channel antagonists, on cultured human gingival fibroblast Gin-1 cells. In the present study, to elucidate the mechanis...