BACKGROUND AND AIMS Deciduous trees have a seasonal carbon dioxide exchange pattern that is attributed to changes in leaf biochemical properties. However, it is not known if the pattern in leaf biochemical properties - maximum Rubisco carboxylation (V(cmax)) and electron transport (J(max)) - differ between species. This study explored whether a general pattern of changes in V(cmax), J(max), and...

Modelling of heat transfer in non-equilibrium reacting gas flows is very important and promising for many up-to-date practical applications. Thus, calculation of heat fluxes is needed to solve the problem of heat protection for the surfaces of space vehicles entering into planet atmospheres. In high-temperature and hypersonic flows of gas mixtures, the energy exchange between translational and ...

This article presents a new approach to understanding the physiological functions of the mastoid cell system. It is suggested that the cell system, in combination with the continuous blood flow through the adjacent large vessels, makes up a compound functional unit that serves to protect the sensitive vestibular part of the inner ear from inadequate stimulation by external temperature changes. ...

Mining activities alter soil physicochemical and biological properties that are critical for plant establishment. Revitalisation of via microbial inoculations can potentially be adopted to improve vegetation restoration. Here, we evaluate the feasibility using beneficial microorganisms in form commercially available inoculants enhance performance a non-toxic infertile mine-waste substrate, pige...

Drought limits light harvesting, resulting in lower plant growth and reproduction. One trait important for plant drought response is water-use efficiency (WUE). We investigated (1) how the joint genetic architecture of WUE, reproductive characters, and vegetative traits changed across drought and well-watered conditions, (2) whether traits with distinct developmental bases (e.g. leaf gas exchan...

1. Introduction The space-filling fractal network in the human lung creates a remarkable distribution system for gas exchange. Landmark studies have demonstrated how the fractal network guarantees minimum energy dissipation [1], slows air down with minimum hardware [2], maximizes the gas-exchange surface area [3], and creates respiratory flexibility between rest and exercise [4]. Here we invest...