Normal bureaucracy tends to centralise, standardise and simplify, serve better those people places that are less poor more accessible. Field bureaucracies have done well (a) where simple standardised programmes found uniform conditions – like the human body with smallpox yaws eradication campaigns, or irrigated plains green revolution packages, (b) they created sustained conditions, as technica...

This article views the bureaucratic form of organization as both an agent and an expression of key modern social innovations that are most clearly manifested in the non-inclusive terms by which individuals are involved in organizations. Modern human involvement in organizations epitomizes and institutionally embeds the crucial yet often overlooked cultural orientation of modernity whereby human...