and we assume α−j = αj, and ω−j = −ωj ∈ (0, π) for j = 1, 2, . . . , I. The constants αj represent amplitudes, the quantities ωj are frequencies, and m is discrete time. The frequency analysis problem is to determine the numbers {αj, ωj : j = 1, 2, . . . , I}, and n0 = 2I when values {x(m) : m = 0, 1, . . . , N − 1} (observations) are known. The Wiener-Levinson method, formulated in terms of Sz...

Students rated 16 tutorial statements on negative politeness (i.e., how much the tutor ‘‘allows me freedom to make my own decisions’’) and positive politeness (i.e., how much the tutor was ‘‘working with me’’). Consistent with an adaptation of Brown and Levinson’s [1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Use. Cambridge University Press, New York] politeness theory, (a) students rated dire...

Naturally-occurring conversations have been described as a collaborative activity. Grice’s central tenet, the cooperative principle, holds that every speaker participates in conversational exchange is required “by accepted purpose or direction of talk exchange” (26). However, cooperation has often (mis)understood meaning “being benevolent to other person” (Jobert 2010, my translation)—hence nee...

This paper investigates how, in a developing country, where credit market and legal institutions are weak, firms' choice of organization form, i.e., noncorporate versus corporate, affects their access to capital markets. I use data from Indonesian manufacturers from 1992 to 1998 to show that incorporated firms are less reliant on internal financing than unincorporated firms. Moreover, a 1995 re...

This paper provides a foundation for a pragmatically and empirically based model of the mechanisms involved in teachers’ speech act generation. Apart from some standard types of speech acts such as questioning or asserting, teachers also make use of some complex acts which combine the qualities of other known types of speech acts. These complex acts may be crucial to our understanding of the re...