CONTEXTS Alcohol-branded merchandise (ABM) has a longer shelf-life than other forms of alcohol marketing and the potential to become integrated into children's self-identities. OBJECTIVE This review sought to explore the current literature on children's exposure to, and the impact of, ABM. DATA SOURCES PsycInfo, Proquest, Science Direct, and ABI-Inform databases were searched from the earli...

The American Medical Association and the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America have developed new standards to curb the influence sales representatives may have on physicians’ drug choices. Yet the literature fails to clarify the extent to which shares of prescriptions for branded drugs are driven by advertising to physicians or by usage persistence in choices. Using unique aggre...

A public debate has recently arisen, largely surrounding the issue of pain, over whether freeze or hot-iron branding should be the preferred method of permanently identifying cattle. This study addressed that question by quantifying the following accepted measures of distress and pain over a 25-min sampling period: elevated heart rate, concentrations of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine...

This paper is a case study on how pharmaceuticals are prescribed on the NHS in the UK. The paper discusses the modelling and forecasting of pharmaceutical life cycles, specifically around after the time of patent expiry. In this situation one of two things can occur the branded pharmaceutical sales remain high while the generic are low, the alternative is when the branded drug declines and stay...

BACKGROUND Combination therapy with three classes of drug, antiplatelet, cholesterol and blood pressure lowering treatment markedly reduce the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Within each class, generic and branded (patented) drugs are available which have similar efficacy but differ in cost. AIMS (i) To assess the extent to which preventi...

In this research, we analyze the relationship among (1) the performance metrics of a sponsored search campaign, (2) the gender orientation of queries, and (3) the occurrence of branded terms in queries. The aim of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of increased personalization of search engine advertising in order to improve the consumer’s online experience. We segregate keyphras...

Glatiramer Acetate (GA) has provided safe and effective treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients for two decades. It acts as an antigen, yet the precise mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated, and no validated pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic biomarkers exist. In order to better characterize GA's biological impact, genome-wide expression studies were conducted with a human m...

OBJECTIVE To estimate the impact of global strategies, such as pooled procurement arrangements, third-party price negotiation and differential pricing, on reducing the price of antiretrovirals (ARVs), which currently hinders universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment. METHODS We estimated the impact of global strategies to reduce ARV prices using data on 7253 procurement transactions (July 2002-O...

The extensive adoption of uniform pricing for branded variants is a puzzling phenomenon considering that firms may improve profitability through price discrimination. In the paper, we incorporate consumers' concerns of price fairness into a model of price competition and show that uniform price for branded variants may emerge in equilibrium. Interestingly, we find that uniform pricing induced b...

Each and every business firm of the world wants to make their customer loyal towards their company product. But not only one factor is responsible for the loyalty of customers. This r esearch is focused on Peshawar region Customer loyalty towards branded milk. For the purpose two dimensions taken under consideration i,e Brand awareness and brand characteristics. Brand awareness includes adverti...