Alcohol directly affects astroglial cell function, including inflammation-related activity.  And it also affects microglial cell development and function in specific ways that interfere with microglial interactions with the immune system and with neurons. Neuroinflammatory processes might be involved in alcohol-induced brain damage. Alcohol use, misuse and getting used to it causes differe...

Proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by thrombin and is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammation. Although PAR-1 is expressed on immunocompetent cells within the brain such as astrocytes, little is known about its role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory brain diseases. Herein, we investigated PAR-1 regulation of brain inflammation by s...

Neurodegenerative diseases contain Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), are characterized by neuronal death and neuronal degeneration in specific regions of the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia are the basic immune brain cells and play a role in homeostasis after inflammation challenge. Microglia involves in Neurodegenerative disease...

By Using the modeling of the mesenchymal (bone marrow) stem cell nanoparticles, the reinstatement of the immune system leads to the treatment of MS, result in the formation of a new immune system for the body by stem cell. The presence of stem cells promotes and strengthens myelination, and that, using simulation and 3D modeling, stem cells can be transmitted correctly to the target and place o...

New hippocampal neurons are continuously generated in the adult brain. Here, we demonstrate that lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, which gives rise to microglia activation in the area where the new neurons are born, strongly impairs basal hippocampal neurogenesis in rats. The increased neurogenesis triggered by a brain insult is also attenuated if it is associated with microglia activati...