Spray drying is a promising method for the stabilization of vaccines, which are usually formulated as liquids. Usually, vaccine stability is improved by spray drying in the presence of a range of excipients. Unlike freeze drying, there is no freezing step involved, thus the damage related to this step is avoided. The edge of spray drying resides in its ability for particles to be engineered to ...

The effect of various humidities on process yields and degrees of crystallinity for spray-dried powders from spray drying of lactose with humid air in a straight-through system have been studied. It has been suggested by Williams–Landel–Ferry kinetics (WLF) that a higher particle temperature and lower glass-transition temperature would increase the crystallization rate of the particles during t...

OBJECTIVE A new nicotine mouth spray was shown to be an effective stop-smoking treatment. This study was set up to examine the speed with which it relieves urges to smoke, and how it compares with nicotine lozenge in this respect. DESIGN Randomised, cross-over trial that compared nicotine mouth spray 2 mg versus nicotine lozenge 2 or 4 mg. SETTING Clinical pharmacology research unit. PART...

The aim of this article was to study the trans-epithelial absorption to reach the blood and to target the brain by axonal transport using nasal formulations with nanonized meloxicam (nano MEL spray) and its salt form known as meloxicam potassium monohydrate (MELP spray). The physicochemical properties and the mucoadhesivity of nasal formulations were controlled. In vitro and in vivo studies wer...

With the sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean declining, the more extensive areas of open water will foster more frequent storms, higher winds, and bigger waves. These conditions can create copious amounts of sea spray. We anticipate that structures placed in shallow water—wind turbines, drilling rigs, or man-made production islands, for instance—will, therefore, experience more episodes of freezi...

In the present study the ergonomic conditions of manual spray painting in the woodworking industry have been studied. Manual spray painting is, despite rationalisations, quite common in the Swedish woodworking industry. Interviews with spray painters showed that they had higher prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in their right shoulder compared with other workers with manual work. A majorit...

The Coastal Aerosol Transport (CAT) model was developed to study the evolution of aerosol particle size distributions and composition in the coastal environment. The model simulates such processes as particle production at the sea surface, mixing of particles through the boundary layer by turbulent diffusion, gravitational settling, and dry deposition. The model is initialized at the shoreline ...

1) Hydraulic Analysis of the Emergency Core Spray System in a BWR The emergency spray system of a BWR delivers cold water to the core after a large-break loss of coolant accident has emptied the reactor vessel. The system comprises a large water pool, a pump, a spray nozzle and connecting pipes (Figure 1). All pipes are smooth round tubes made of stainless steel with 10 cm internal diameter. Th...

Encapsulation technique via spray drying can be employed to enhance the natural pigment’s properties. In this study, spray-dried microparticles containing red pigment (prodigiosin) extracted from Serratia marcescens was produced using κcarrageenan and maltodextrin as encapsulation agents. The effect of spray-drying parameters on the encapsulation yield (EY), particle size and color intensity of...