Botnets, large international networks of infected computers (so-called bots), play a central part in the digital underground economy, providing the infrastructure required for a multitude of malicious activities. To ensure a botnet keeps running, the botnet owner utilizes specialized technologies to send control messages to his bots, while keeping resilience against take down and stealth agains...

Thenumbers of the botnet attacks areincreasing day by day and the detection of botnet spreading in the network has become very challenging. Bots are having specific characteristics incomparison of normal malware as they are controlled by the remote master server and usually don’t show their behavior like normal malware until they don’t receive any command from their master server. Most of time ...

An in-depth understanding of botnet behavior is a precursor to building effective defenses against this serious and growing threat. In this paper we describe our initial steps toward building a flexible and scalable laboratory testbed for experiments with bots and botnets. Our Botnet Evaluation Environment (BEE) is designed to enable individual bots or networks of up to thousands of bots to be ...

Botnets have traditionally used centralized architectures for command and control. In such architectures, a relatively small number of centralized servers is used to command the bots. Centralized botnet architectures are straightforward to deploy, but relatively easy to take down by disabling the command and control servers. In an effort to increase the resilience of their botnets, malware crea...

Life Cycle Costing (LCC) is universally accepted as the method of choice for economic assessment in Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) but singular focus on costs ineffective representing multiple facets sustainability. This review intends to identify other indicators potentially complement use LCC LCSA. Papers were identified Web Science Core Collection database years 2010–2021. The shortlisted ...