Rickettsia is a group of vector-borne organisms that beget acute febrile illnesses throughout the world. While clinical presentation rickettsial infection analogous, causative species and epidemiology can vary depending upon region. Purpura fulminans (PF) rare pattern intravascular thrombosis haemorrhagic infarction skin fleetly progressive accompanied by vascular collapse disseminated coagulat...

The risks associated with infection of healthcare workers and students with blood-borne pathogens, specifically HIV, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus, are often neglected. South Africa (SA) currently has no official policies or guidelines in place for the prevention and management of these infections. This article reviews the available data and international guidelines with regard to inf...

The spleen is one of the major immunological sites for maintaining blood homeostasis. Previous studies showed that heterogeneous splenic macrophage populations contribute in complimentary ways to control blood-borne infections and induce effective immune responses. Marginal metallophilic macrophages (MMMΦs) and marginal zone macrophages (MZMΦs) are cells with great ability to internalize blood-...

Human contact with cats, dogs, and other pets results in several million infections each year in the United States, ranging from self-limited skin conditions to life-threatening systemic illnesses. Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common pet-related parasitic infections. Although toxoplasmosis is usually asymptomatic or mild, it may cause serious congenital infection if a woman is exposed durin...

BACKGROUND Men who have sex with men (MSM) are more vulnerable to blood-borne infections and/or sexually-transmitted infections (STI). This study was conducted to estimate the prevalences of mono and co-infections of HIV-1 and other blood-borne/STIs in a sample of MSM in Campinas, Brazil. METHODS Responding Driven Sampling (RDS) was used for recruitment of MSM. Serum samples collected from 55...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV and syphilis infections in blood donors referred to Tehran Blood Transfusion Center (TBTC), and determine any association between blood groups and blood- borne infections between the years of 2005 and 2011. METHODS This was a retrospective study conducted at TBTC. All of the donor serum samples...

food borne viral infections are recognized increasingly as human illneses. hepatitis a virus (hav) is an important pathogen which has been responsible for water and many food – borne outbreeks especially milk . in this study for approaching to best diagnosis method of hav in milk by elisa technique, various dilutions of hav antigen (1 ml/l, 10-3 ml/l, 10-6 ml/l, 10-9 ml/l) were added to uht mil...

Nurses face the risk of exposure to blood-borne infections if they suffer a needlestick or other injury from sharp devices such as lancets, scalpels and razors. In order to minimise their risk of contracting viruses such as HIV, hepatitis B and C, or other infections, risk assessment exercises must be undertaken so that safer systems of work can be implemented to protect nurses and other health...

Dengue is one of the vector borne viral disease prevalent worldwide. During the last half a century, the incidence of dengue has increased by 30-fold and expanded to many new countries, and also from urban areas to rural areas (WHO 2009). It is estimated approximately 294 million in apparent dengue infections and about 96 million apparent dengue infections occurred worldwide in 2010, and Asia h...