Renewable energy sources are essential paths towards sustainable development and CO2 emission reduction. For example, the European Union has set the target of achieving 22% of electricity generation from renewable sources by 2010. However, the extensive use of this energy source is being avoided by some technical problems as fouling and slagging in the surfaces of boiler heat exchangers. Althou...

To achieve the ambitious targets of net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, there is a need for change in all parts society, industry, and mobility, as well energy sectors. For this purpose, sector coupling plays crucial role, e.g., form electricity with heat using power-to-heat systems. In article, effects integration intermittent wind via direct cable, boiler into district heating systems ...

The backpressure steam turbine installations for combined production generate thermal energy and electricity. produced electricity depends on the heat load determined by consumers. Heat is released in district heating system through water, which heated with exhausted boiler-condenser (district heater). operation regime of installation influenced temperature water at input output boiler-condense...

Due to the important role of the boiler-turbine units in industries and electricity generation, it is important to diagnose different types of faults in different parts of boiler-turbine system. Different parts of a boiler-turbine system like the sensor or actuator or plant can be affected by various types of faults. In this paper, the effects of the occurrence of faults on the actuators are in...

Wall thinning due to corrosion in utility boiler waterwall tubing is a significant operational concern for boiler operators. Historically, conventional ultrasonics has been used for inspection of these tubes. Unfortunately, ultrasonic inspection is very manpower intense and slow. Therefore, thickness measurements are typically taken over a relatively small percentage of the total boiler wall an...

Inferred pH means pH calculated from straight and cation conductivity. The calculation can be applied to condensate, feedwater, and boiler water. Although not widely used in the United States, inferred pH is popular in Europe. Some plant chemists find inferred pH useful because it eliminates the need to measure pH directly, which without proper equipment can be a difficult task. This paper disc...

The demands placed on programmers by the needs of safety-critical systems mandate the use of formal methods, supported by an integrated toolkit, throughout software development. Many formal speciication, design and veriication techniques have been proposed in the past. As the next step in the maturation of these techniques we are aiming to integrate previously disparate methods. Our overall met...