background : there are few published studies that use real data testing to examine the performance of outbreak detection methods. the aim of this study was to determine the performance of the exponentially weighted moving average (ewma) in real time detection of a local outbreak in mashhad city, eastern iran . methods : the ewma algorithms (both ewma 1 with λ=0.3 and ewma 2 with λ=0.6) were app...

background : few studies have focused on syndromic data to determine levels of alarm thresholds to detection of meningitis outbreaks. the purpose of this study was to determine threshold levels of meningitis outbreak in hamadan province, west of iran . methods : data on both confirmed and suspected cases of meningitis (fever and neurological symptom) form 21 march 2010 to 20 march 2012 were use...

Bladder cancer (BLCA) is a most common urological tumours with high rate of recurrence, which needs long-term follow-up. To date, diagnosis and surveillance BLCA still rely on cystoscopy, an invasive expensive method that increases the difficulty for routine Therefore, exploring new biomarkers or tests effective way to improve current clinical management BLCA. Recent years, liquid biopsy has re...

Since the 1950s, sentinel surveillance networks with general practitioners (GPs) have been progressively implemented and involved in influenza surveillance, e.g. in the UK, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal and Spain. Since 1988, several collaborative European studies with sentinel networks aimed at stimulating influenza surveillance all over Europe and harmonising the surveillance act...

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that is associated with serious health problems and high costs. According to estimates gained from nationally representative health surveys conducted by the Robert Koch Institute (RKI), 4.6 million adults aged 18 to 79 suffer from diabetes in Germany. In addition, around 1.3 million adults have undetected diabetes. A surveillance system is currently being ...

As a growing body of work has documented, digital technologies are central to the imagining aging futures. In this study, we offer critical, theoretical framework for exploring dynamics power related technological tracking, measuring, and managing bodies at heart these imaginaries. Drawing on critical gerontology, feminist technoscience, sociology body, socio-gerontechnology, identify three dim...

Bifunctional antibody fusion proteins engaging effector T cells for targeted elimination of tumor cells via CD3 binding have shown efficacy in both preclinical and clinical studies. Different from such a polyclonal T-cell recruitment, an alternative concept is to engage only antigen-specific T-cell subsets. Recruitment of specific subsets of T cells may be as potent but potentially lead to fewe...