Replacement of detrusor smooth muscle (SM) with connective tissue (CT) in the bladder wall has functional consequences to lower urinary tract function, namely changes filling compliance and its contractile performance. In children congenital anomalies such remodelling may underlie poor prognosis that is characteristic a significant proportion these patients. We have quantified extent CT deposit...

An increased risk of neoplasm has been noted when bowel segments are used for urinary diversion. Particularly true for ureterosigmoidostomy, colonic adenocarcinoma has rarely been reported following Indiana Pouch diversion. This report describes a 42-year-old woman with a history of bladder exstrophy who developed a polyp in her Indiana Pouch 24 years after its creation. The polyp, found incide...

Female epispadias without exstrophy is a rare malformation occurring in 1 in 117,000 male and 480,000 female population. It is imperative that a thorough local examination be performed ideally at birth so the diagnosis and the later psychosocial and psychosexual problems could be prevented. Although, on occasions when the apparent malformation is not that predominant, epispadias can be missed a...