We propose a mean-field method to calculate approximately the spacing distribution functions p((n))(s) in one-dimensional classical many-particle systems. We compare our method with two other commonly used methods, the independent interval approximation and the extended Wigner surmise. In our mean-field approach, p((n))(s) is calculated from a set of Langevin equations, which are decoupled by u...

The bill entitled "Save the Children Act" would transfer $100 million from the US Agency for International Development's (USAID) population aid program, which centers primarily on family planning and female reproductive health, to a separately funded child survival program. Although the bill increases the support on child survival efforts, it demonstrates indifference towards the importanc...

Previous studies suggest that access to modern contraceptives can reduce breast-feeding rates because women who had been using breast-feeding to avoid pregnancy substitute away from it. This article shows that contraceptive use can also have a positive effect on breast-feeding. A mother often weans a child if she becomes pregnant again, which can occur sooner than desired if she lacks access to...

BACKGROUND Several birth characteristics are associated with high mortality risk: very young or old mothers, short birth intervals and high birth order. One justification for family planning programs is the health benefits associated with better spacing and timing of births. This study examines the extent to which the prevalence of these risk factors changes as a country transitions from high t...

This study aims to determine the evaluation of number calves born in Upsus Siwab Program South Poleang District, Bombana Regency. The samples was fifty respondents. Parameters observed this were age first AI, times newly pregnant length gestation, spacing children, and birth weight. Data analysis used descriptive using Microsoft Excel tabulated then calculated percentage, error rate, several Sl...

BACKGROUND Short birth intervals are associated with increased risk of adverse maternal and neonatal health (MNH) outcomes. Improving postpartum contraceptive use is an important programmatic strategy to improve the health and well-being of women, newborns, and children. This article documents the intervention package and evaluation design of a study conducted in a rural district of Bangladesh ...

OBJECTIVE To test three practices introduced to couples for adaptation of a non-permanent modern method of family planning and the role that each partner played during the process. SETTING Urban and sub-urban areas of Karachi, Lahore, and Quetta. METHODS 'Behavioral trials' was conducted which is a formative research method in which researcher and participants negotiate behavior(s) that the...

The negative relationship between birth interval length and neonatal mortality risks is well documented, but heterogeneity in this relationship has been largely ignored. Using the Bangladesh Maternal Mortality and Health Care Survey 2010, this study investigates how the effect of birth interval length on neonatal mortality risks varies by maternal age at birth and maternal education. There is s...