magine inserting a piece of string into an inflated balloon without letting any of the air out. An analogous problem confronts cells in the production of integral membrane-spanning proteins, which must be inserted partway into the ER without letting the ER calcium stores leak into the cytoplasm. On page 261, Haigh and Johnson show that the ER lumenal chaperone protein BiP controls one end of a ...

In extreme learning machines (ELM) the hidden-layer coefficients are randomly set and fixed, while output-layer of neural network computed by a least squares method. The randomly-assigned in ELM known to influence its performance accuracy significantly. this paper we present modified batch intrinsic plasticity (modBIP) method for pre-training random networks. current is devised based on same pr...

n mammalian cells, most membrane proteins are inserted cotranslationally into the ER membrane at sites termed translocons. Although each translocon forms an aqueous pore, the permeability barrier of the membrane is maintained during integration, even when the otherwise tight ribosome– translocon seal is opened to allow the cytoplasmic domain of a nascent protein to enter the cytosol. To identif...

Design and implementation of distributed algorithms often involve many subtleties due to their complex structure, nondeterminism, and low atomicity as well as occurrence of unanticipated physical events such as faults. Thus, constructing correct distributed systems has always been a challenge and often subject to serious errors. This is essentially due to the fact that we currently lack discipl...

Dengue viruses (DENVs) cause dengue fever which is an important mosquito-borne disease in tropical areas. Generally, DENV does not cause cellular damage in mosquito cells. However, alterations in cytosolic calcium ions ([Ca2+]cyt) and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), as well as accumulated reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide anions (O2∙-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2),...

We used the rat nerve growth factor receptor ectodomain (NGFRe) and Escherichia coli ss-lactamase to dissect the functions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BiP/Kar2p in vivo. Both were fused to the Hsp150Delta-polypeptide, which promotes proper folding of heterologous proteins which otherwise are misfolded in the yeast ER. Hsp150Delta-NGFRe and Hsp150Delta-beta-lactamase acquired disulfides and were...

Not much is known about the features that determine the biological stability of a molecule retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Ig light (L) chains that are not secreted in the absence of Ig heavy (H) chain expression bind to the ER chaperone BiP as partially folded molecules until they are degraded. Although all Ig L chains have the same three-dimensional structure when part of an antib...

Troglitazone (TRO), an effective thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agent, was reported to produce idiosyncratic hepatotoxic effects in some individuals. In contrast, rosiglitazone (RSG), in the same group of agents, has no significant toxic effects and now is widely used. In this study, human hepatoma (HepG2) cell lines were exposed to various doses of TRO as well as RSG (0, 25, 50, and 75 microM)...

INTRODUCTION Anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPAs) are highly specific to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and are thought to have a close relationship with the pathogenesis of arthritis. Several proteins, including fibrinogen, vimentin, and alpha-enolase, were reported as ACPA-target antigens, and their importance in RA pathogenesis was widely proposed. We identified citrulli...