BACKGROUND Tai chi is a form of exercise derived from the martial art folk traditions of China. The force used in tai chi includes different principles of mechanical advantage. No studies on the kinematic features of tai chi exercise have been published. OBJECTIVE To analyse the kinematics and electromyographic characteristics of tai chi. METHODS An experienced tai chi master was asked to p...

PURPOSE To compare long-term surgical outcomes after bilateral lateral rectus recession (BLR) and unilateral lateral rectus recession-medial rectus resection (RR) for the treatment of basic-type intermittent exotropia. METHODS Consecutive patients who underwent BLR or RR for treatment of intermittent exotropia between 1999 and 2010 and underwent ≥5 years of follow-up were recruited for this s...

Vertical fusional vergence (VFV) normally compensates for slight vertical heterophorias. We employed magnetic resonance imaging to clarify extraocular muscle contributions to VFV induced by monocular two-prism diopter (1.15°) base-up prism in 14 normal adults. Fusion during prism viewing requires monocular infraduction. Scans were repeated without prism, and with prism shifted contralaterally. ...

PURPOSE To investigate the long-term clinical course of intermittent exotropia after surgical treatment to determine whether and when postoperative exo-drift stabilizes, and the required postsurgery follow-up duration in cases of intermittent exotropia. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with intermittent exotropia who underwent surgical treatment be...

PURPOSE To evaluate the relationship between the motor alignment at postoperative day 1 and at year 1 following bilateral lateral rectus recession (BLR, symmetric surgery) and unilateral lateral rectus recession-medial rectus resection (R&R, asymmetric surgery) for the treatment of intermittent exotropia, X(T). METHODS Forty-six patients with basic or pseudo-divergence excess type of X(T) und...

Nasal transposition of the inferior rectus (IR) muscle, which is transposed nasally with the insertion parallel to the spiral of Tillaux, could correct excyclotropia. However, as far as we are aware, there have been no reports examining the surgical effects of this procedure in multiple cases. Therefore, we examined the surgical effects of IR nasal transposition in 135 cases with acquired troch...

purpose: to report clinical features, types, and results of surgery for duane’s retraction syndrome (drs). methods: this is an existing data study on the records of patients with drs. the study was conducted on the hospital records of patients who were referred for drs to a tertiacy eye center in tehran, iran during 8 years. the follow-up period after the surgery was at least 6 months. results:...

OBJECTIVES To present the outcomes of modified lateral rectus Y-splitting combined with either unilateral or bilateral horizontal rectus recession in Duane Retraction Syndrome (DRS) with significant upshoot or downshoot. MA­TE­RI­ALS AND MET­HODS A total of 12 patients including 10 patients with Type I DRS and 2 with Type III DRS underwent modified Y-splitting surgery. Amount of additional re...

PURPOSE A very large angle esotropia is characterized by an angle more than 80 prism diopters (pd). A single eye surgery would not correct such a large angle. Supramaximal recessions and resection would lead to restriction of ocular motility. We present a series of 22 patients with large angle esotropia treated with muscle transplantation. METHODS A total of 22 patients (14 males and 8 female...