OBJECTIVE Tests and measures, if confounded by behavioral signs, cloud interpretation of physical test results during clinical examination. The purpose of this study was to determine whether common behavioral signs and pain responses (i.e. centralization and non-centralization) were associated during initial examination. DESIGN Observational and designed to cross-tabulate pain responses to be...

We provide the first evidence that stochastic resonance within the human brain can enhance behavioral responses to weak sensory inputs. We asked subjects to adjust handgrip force to a slowly changing, subthreshold gray level signal presented to their right eye. Behavioral responses were optimized by presenting randomly changing gray levels separately to the left eye. The results indicate that o...

The introduction to this series of papers20 emphasized that sleep deprivation studies are essentially correlational. We administer stimuli that produce the responses of sleep reduction and the responses of physiological or behavioral change. These are correlated responses. We cannot confidently interpret the physiological and behavioral changes as effects of the sleep loss until we can discount...