the present study aimed to answer the question that qajar government as a political system was an authoritarian government? this study deals with the outcomes of qajar authoritarianism and the impact of effective historical-geographical conditions of iran on emergence or continuance of authoritarianism. authoritarianism in this study is not a one-dimensional structure and it is composed of some...

political power is considered as one of the most fundamental public law vocabulary, as far as the separation of political power and public law seems impossible. meanwhile it seems that this concept as the fundamental concept of public law; varies in islamic and liberal thought and there is a serious conflict between them. analysis of this claim requires a proper understanding of the concept of ...

Reporting bias – the media’s tendency to systematically under-report or over-report certain types of events – is a persistent problem for participants and observers of armed conflict. We argue that the nature of reporting bias depends on how news organizations navigate the political context in which they are based. Where government pressure on the media is limited – in democratic regimes – the ...

It is widely thought that news organizations exhibit ideological bias, but rigorously quantifying such slant has proven methodologically challenging. Through a combination of machine learning and crowdsourcing techniques, we investigate the selection and framing of political issues in 15 major U.S. news outlets. Starting with 803,146 news stories published over 12 months, we first used supervis...

Traditional media outlets are known to report political news in a biased way, potentially affecting the political beliefs of the audience and even altering their voting behaviors. Therefore, tracking bias in everyday news and building a platform where people can receive balanced news information is important. We propose a model that maps the news media sources along a dimensional dichotomous po...

study about political attitude and gender differences seems necessary, because of essential role of the political attitude in political behavior, and importance of gender differences for researchers in the field of women's studies. considering to this scientific necessity, this study investigates the role of university reference groups in college students' political attitudes accordin...

This paper offers an approach to analyzing political rhetoric in videogames intended to carry ideological bias, based on cognitive linguist George Lakoff’s notion of metaphor and frame as the principle organizers or political discourse. I then argue for three ways games function in relation to ideological frames: reinforcement, contestation, and exposition through examples of political games (T...

Political culture represents a society`s widely held, traditional values and its fundamental practices; foreign policy decision makers tend to make policies that are compatible with their society`s political culture because they share, if not all, many of those values. Among the various factors influencing Iran`s foreign policy,  the role of political culture seems to be rather underestimated. ...

The media plays an important role in modern democracies. For example, it provides a large proportion of the information with which policymakers and voters make decisions, as well as analysis and editorial content that may influence the conclusions reached by potential voters (see, for example, Walter Lippmann 1922). Understandably, the possibility that there is bias in the media has worried eco...