Constitutional theorists usually assume that minority-protective judicial review leads to outcomes more favorable to the protected minority and less favorable to the majority. Our analysis highlights an indirect effect of judicial review that complicates this conventional wisdom. Without judicial review, pro-majority and pro-minority leaders adopt different policies. Because judicial review lim...

shaykh shams al-din mohammad ben makki ameli known as the first martyr is an outstanding faqih from jabal amel in the ayyubids period. trying to spread shiism in an anti-shiite environment and to have relationships with the sarbedaran of khorasan in iran, he was imprisoned and finally martyred. relying on the relationship between religion and reason and the status of reason in religious precept...

the good faith and fair dealing jurisprudence in contracts has due influences not only in civil law but also in common law, particularly in united states: in uniform commercial code (ucc), restatement 2nd on contracts and it’s judicial precedent. meanwhile the definitions and scope of good faith, the fields of adoption and enforcement of it in common law defers from case law. development of thi...

Shadd Maruna, in his masterpiece, Making Good (Maruna, 2001, 2011) advocates the creation of an institutionalized redemption ritual which would reinforce the offender's own certitude that he or she has indeed desisted successfully, and convince the community and society itself, that he/she has now become a good citizen. Such a ritual , which would preferably be judicial, exists in the French le...

this paper attempts to investigate the adolescent narrator’s journey into adulthood in ahmad mahmoud’s the neighbor. considering the central character’s growth into adulthood, the paper argues that the compulsory military service can be fulfilled as a certain ‘rite of passage’ conventionalized within the society, as represented in the narrative. that is because, through this convention, khaled ...

according to the famous or, better said, the unanimous judicial decree (fatwa) of the muslim jurists, the marriage of a muslim man to an unbelieving woman who adheres to any faith other than those of the people of the book (ahl al-kitāb) is prohibited. although this judicial decree is based on definite evidences such as certain verses of the qur’an, consensus of the jurists, and a number of tra...

Four studies examine status conferral (decisions about to whom positions of status and power should be given). All of the studies show that people confer more status to targets who express anger than to targets who express sadness. In the first study, participants watched a video of President Clinton expressing either anger or sadness when talking about the Monica Lewinsky scandal. Those who sa...