The health of a cat is an aspect and major concern for someone who maintains it. Cats can be exposed to many diseases, one which Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. Virus, also known as feline aids, disease that attacks the cat's immune system. This virus causes decrease in system so cats become vulnerable susceptible disease. difficult detect because symptoms are almost invisible. study aims explor...

Laying hens may face a number of welfare problems including: acute and chronic pain caused by beak trimming; exaggerated fearfulness that may cause stress and suffocation; difficulties in locating resources, resulting potentially in emaciation and dehydration; frustration and boredom, caused by an environment that is barren; feather pecking; cannibalism; foot lesions; and bone fractures. In Eur...

To the Editor: Free-range domestic ducks can be a key factor in regional spreading of Asian subtype H5N1 avian infl uenza (AI) virus (1–3). Even asymptomatic domestic ducks can shed the virus continuously from the oral cavity and cloaca (3–5). Therefore, early detection of infected ducks that are shedding the virus would reduce the risk of spreading AI virus (H5N1) in a region where the virus h...

The Soil supports a range of microorganisms and is one of the most complex microbial habitats, allowing the fungi to sustain their entire life cycle. Soil is a cosmopolitan habitat for majority of microbial population that can be explored to find out more specific fungal flora.1 The soils rich in keratinous material were found to more conducive for keratinophilic fungi2−11 where this group of f...

Grooming a bird refers to clipping wing feathers, trimming claws (nails), and on occasion, smoothing and trimming the beak. A veterinarian or experienced technician can perform this service on an otherwise healthy bird. Some disease states can result in nail and beak problems; consequently, all birds should be properly examined at regular intervals every 6 to 12 months.

foot and mouth disease (fmd) is the most contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, causingsignificant economical losses in livestock animals. in this study fmd virus type a87/irn was cultured andmultiplied on bhk21 cells. the fmd virus was titrated by the tissue culture infection dose50 method(tcid50 /ml), the virus titration was 107.5.. the fmd virus samples were irradiated and inactivated ...

objective: the aim of this study was to construct a pcdna3.1+ vector containing fmdv type o/irn/1/2007-vp1 gene, protein expression in bhkt7 cells and evaluation of immune response in balb/c mice. materials and methods: fmdv type o/irn/1/2007 was isolated from a cattle in ray in 2007 and serotyped. the purified vp1 gene was sub-cloned into the ptz57r/t vector and pcdna3.1+ expression vector. t...

The influence of inbreeding depression on phenotypic traits of the Lizard canary from an Italian breeder was evaluated. The following traits were studied: birds’ life span, number of surviving offspring, and morphological traits (type of plumage, spangles, feather quality, breast, cap, ground colour, wings and tail, eyelashes, covert feathers, beak, legs and feet, habits, and size). The effects...

Parent-offspring conflicts lead the offspring to evolve reliable signals of individual quality, including parasite burden, which may allow parents to adaptively modulate investment in the progeny. Sex-related variation in offspring reproductive value, however, may entail differential investment in sons and daughters. Here, we experimentally manipulated offspring condition in the barn swallow (H...