Exposures to chloroform via showering, bathing, and swimming have been characterized much better since 1999, and these studies show that blood levels are usually higher via these routes than via drinking chlorinated water (Xu & Weisel, 2005; Caro & Gallego, 2007; Zwiener et al., 2007). Chloroform exposure has also been documented in various occupations (Ruder, 2006) and in microenvironments, su...

This study was conducted to determine the effects of increased water temperatures on the development of Aedes aegypti immatures under laboratory conditions in Trinidad, West Indies using temperature regulated water baths to cover a range of temperatures from 24-25°C to 34-35°C at a relative humidity of 80%. Two experiments were designed: (1) at constant temperature regimens and (2) under diurna...

The article widowhood in African Society and it’s effects on woman’s health is focused on the practices that are oppressive and humiliating to women as a result of the death of the husband. Woman in African society are meant to suffer stressful situation when the husband dies, this stressful situation makes African women to suffer a lot of emotional physical, mental and spiritual problems. Heal...

In the health resorts of Russia there has been accumulated a vast experience of using natural and artificial physical factors for the treatment of arterial hypertension. We are talking primarily about the prevention and then about the therapy of this disease. Especially impressive are both short-term and long-term results achieved at the early stages or the disease. After the formation of the s...

CONTEXT Therapeutic modality control variables are thought to be thermal neutral, a term sometimes used interchangeably with room temperature. We question this common assumption. OBJECTIVE To determine thermal neutrality of common therapeutic modality control variables. DESIGN We performed 5 laboratory experiments, including (1) water temperature over 3 weeks in 3 different containers (glas...

BACKGROUND We previously conducted a study to assess whether household exposures to tap water increased an individual's internal dose of trihalomethanes (THMs). Increases in blood THM levels among subjects who showered or bathed were variable, with increased levels tending to cluster in two groups. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to assess the importance of personal characteristics, previous exposure...

The virtual elimination of the principal point sources of human bacterial pollution through advanced treatment systems has not produced 100% compliance with microbial standards at all UK bathing water locations where they have been installed. This is partly explained by the existence of diffuse bacterial pollution derived from agricultural activities within catchments draining to the bathing zo...

Cyanotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria. They pose a threat to human health and the environment. This review summarises the existing data on human exposure to cyanotoxins through drinking water, recreational activities (e.g., swimming, canoeing or bathing), the aquatic food web, terrestrial plants, food supplements, and haemodialysis. Furthermore, it discusses the tolera...

Previous reports have indicated that calcium is necessary to support active sodium transport by the toad bladder, and may be required as well in the action of vasopressin on both toad bladder and frog skin. The structure and function of the toad bladder has been studied in the absence of calcium, and a reinterpretation of the previous findings now appears possible. When calcium is withdrawn fro...

The relationship between hydrogen ion secretion and the transport of other electrloytes was examined in the isolated urinary bladder of the water turtle. Symmetrical solutions which were free from exogenous carbon dioxide and bicarbonate bathed the two surfaces of the preparation, and the spontaneous electrical potential of the bladder was nullified by a voltage clamp. Active transport of sodiu...