Over the past twenty years there has been an explosion in the creation, availability, and use of criminal justice databases. Large scale database systems now routinely influence law enforcement decisions ranging from formal determinations to arrest or convict an individual to informal judgments to subject a person to secondary pre-flight screening or investigate possible gang membership. Eviden...

based on the current approach, to ascertain and enforce the sanctions in law is one of the exclusive functions of governments. but the deeper examination reveals that many transactors prefer non-legal sanctions. at first glance, this self-enforcement mechanism seems to be contrary to legal fundamentals. therefore, these sanctions are contested in law. this article is an attempt to consider a ne...

The study aims to propose an adoption concrete judicial review in Indonesian Constitutional Court based on the experiences of German Federal Court. It was motivated by weak protection citizen’s constitutional rights ordinary court; and absence authority at This used doctrinal legal research method with documents or regulations, cases, comparative analyses. confirms role judges courts proceeding...

When the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reached Switzerland in February 2020, Federal Act of 28 September 2012 on Combating Communicable Human Diseases (Epidemics Act, EpA)’ had been place for more than four years. The EpA was subject to a referendum 2013. 60% voters approved bill. set three-tier approach place: An aggravation epidemiological circumstances leads, based respective decision ...

This essay explores religion’s need for law, comparing the story told in Mitra Sharafi’s Law and Identity in Colonial South Asia (2014)—about the virtual hijacking of British colonial law to serve the communal religious needs of Parsis in colonial India—to other contexts in which secular and religious legal systems have built symbiotic relationships, including in the United States and Thailand....