Plasmodesmata (PD) are plant-specific membrane-lined channels that connect neighboring cells across the cell wall and are indispensable for intercellular communication, development and defense against pathogens. They consist of concentric membrane tubules of the plasma membrane (PM) on the outside and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) on the inside. The biophysical properties and molecular composition...

"A Few Good Seasons Will Restore Prosperity to the Land":Louisa Atkinson's Depictions of Drought Grace Moore (bio) drought has always been a way life in Australia, but importation European farming techniques and animals exacerbated land's aridity nineteenth century continues do so today.1 The 1860s were, as state's official statistician, T.A. Coghlan, expressed it, period "distress acute suffer...

From 1976 to 2000, over 30,000 human stool samples from 38 communes in 15 provinces were examined. The average infection rate of Clonorchis and Opisthorchis in the provinces examined was 21%. In these provinces, the infection rates were distributed as follows: 0.6% in Ha Giang, 0.2% in Thai Binh, 16.3% in Bac Giang, 13.1% in Hai Phong, 5% in Hoa Binh, 16% in Ha Tay, 3-37.5% in Nam Dinh, 3% in H...

Goldfish, Carassius auratus, and common carp, Cyprinus carpio, were challenged with a panel of 8 different piscine and amphibian ranavirus isolates. Goldfish were exposed at a water temperature of 16°C and 23°C, and carp at 15°C and 25°C. No significant mortality was registered, and virus could not be re-isolated from goldfish or carp bath-challenged with any of the isolates in the panel. * Cor...

Streptococcus iniae is one of the few Gram positive streptococcal species capable of hydrolyzing starch. The starch hydrolysis test is essential for its identification. The biochemical reaction for starch in multi-test systems (API 20 Strep and API CH 50) is starch acidification, not starch hydrolysis. Furthermore, API systems do not contain S. iniae in their databases, yet fish disease researc...