Climate change and human interventions (e.g., massive barrages, dams, sand mining, sluice gates) in the Ganga–Padma River (India Bangladesh) have escalated recent decades, disrupting natural flow regime habitat. This study employed innovative trend analysis (ITA), range of variability approach (RVA), continuous wavelet (CWA) to quantify past future hydrological river because building Farakka Ba...