The efficiency of applications through spraying is connected to the capacity minimize losses by endo-drift and exo-drift while ensuring adequate coverage deposition on target surface; spray nozzles main factor application quality. However, few researches focus technology in black pepper crops. objective this work was evaluate droplets simulated herbicide using different nozzles. experiment cond...

The influence of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEO), formulated as the adjuvant Agral 90, on the effects of the diphenyl ether herbicide fomesafen in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis was investigated, with particular attention to the reproductive performances and underlying energetic and hormonal processes. Separate short-term exposures to low concentrations of fomesafen and fomesafen-Agral mix...

Variation in the expression of numerous genes is at the basis of plant response to environmental stresses. Non-target-site-based resistance to herbicides (NTSR), the major threat to grass weed chemical control, is governed by a subset of the genes involved in herbicide stress response. Quantitative PCR assays allowing reliable comparison of gene expression are thus key to identify genes governi...

Gene flow exposed by genetically engineered crops Gene flow is the transfer of genes between populations of the same or related species. The exchange between crop cultivars of genes selected by traditional breeding that confer characteristics such as shorter stems, higher yield, or increased seed quality will attract little attention. In the same way, crop-weed hybrids having acquired traits su...