A homology model of the housefly voltage-gated sodium channel was developed to predict the location of binding sites for the insecticides fenvalerate, a synthetic pyrethroid, and DDT an early generation organochlorine. The model successfully addresses the state-dependent affinity of pyrethroid insecticides, their mechanism of action and the role of mutations in the channel that are known to con...

The Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a major stored product pest that is found throughout the world. In this study, the effect of oral exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) subsp. kurstaki (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) and azadirachtin was evaluated in third instar P. interpunctella under laboratory conditions. The median lethal concentration (LC50)...

in the last decades, pesticides have been used extensively, in order to control pests and plant diseases, but negative impacts of pesticides caused several environmental problems and put human health in danger. in order to decrease environmental hazards of pesticide, risk of pesticide application should be measured briefly and precisely. in this study environmental impacts of registered insecti...

Organic carbamates are the stable class of compounds derived from the unstable carbamic acid having O-CO-NHlinkage [1,2] with unique applications in the field of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals (pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides etc.), intermediates in organic synthesis, in the forms of drugs and prodrugs, for the protection of amino groups in peptide chemistry, as a useful syntho...

INTRODUCTION Cyclopropane-containing natural products are very unique owing to their unusual bonding and inherent ring strain (27.5 kcal/mol). 1 This strained ring has been found in naturally occurring terpenes, steroids, amino acids, fatty acids, alkaloids, and nucleic acids. For example, chrysanthemic acid derivatives, produced in plants via isoprenoid pathway are precursors to potent insecti...

Pyrethroids are synthetic chemicals similar to pyrethrins in the pyrethrum extract which is obtained from Chrysanthemum plant. Historically, pyrethroids have been classified into two classes that differ in their chemical structure and symptoms of exposure: Type I pyrethroids include allethrin, tetramethrin, d-phenothrin, permethrin, and bioresmethrin. Type II pyrethroids include cypermethrin, c...

stabilizer such as cane sugar to liquid lime-sulfur and evaporating to dryncss. Self-boiled lime-sulfur is made by utilizing the heat of hydration or slaking of quicklime, CaO, to carry on the reactions with sulfur. Ammonium polysulfide and sodium polysulfide are made by passing hydrogen Sulfide gas, H.^S, into ammonium or sodium hydroxide containing excess sulfur. It is supposed that the chemi...

Naturally occurring insecticides are abundant and varied in their effects, though but a few are articles of commerce. Even for these, pyrethrum, nicotine, rotenone, hellebore, ryania, and sabadilla, there is a paucity of information on mammalian toxicology and environmental effects. In general, these materials are characterized favorably by low acute toxicity and ready dissipation in nature. Un...

Routine measures used to control the larval stages of non-statutory leafminer species in the United Kingdom rely largely on either the use of the braconid parasitoid Dacnusa sibirica Telenga and the eulophid wasp Diglyphus isaea Walker as, for example, in tomato crops, or on chemical insecticides for control in leafy salad and ornamental plants (Garthwaite and Thomas, 2001). The availability of...

A field population of Lutzomyia longipalpis from La Rinconada, Lara State, an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Venezuela, was tested for susceptibility to organochlorine (DDT 2%), carbamate (propoxur 0.01%), organophosphate (malathion 2%, fenitrothion 1%, and pirimiphos methyl 1%), and pyrethroid (deltamethrin 0.06%, lambdacyhalothrin 0.06%, and permethrin 0.2%) insecticides. Suscepti...