We study a coordination game with randomly changing payoffs and small frictions in changing actions. Using only backwards induction, we find that players must coordinate on the risk-dominant equilibrium. More precisely, a continuum of fully rational players are randomly matched to play a symmetric 2 2 game. The payoff matrix changes according to a random walk. Players observe these payoffs and ...

Salmet introduced a notion of hypothetical knowledge and showed how it could be used to capture the type of counterfactual reasoning necessary to force the backwards induction solution in a game of perfect information. He argued that while hypothetical knowledge and the extended information structures used to model it bear some resemblance to the way philosophers have used conditional logic to ...

This paper reports an experiment testing whether strategically equivalent representations of a social situation produce equivalent behavior when actually played by human subjects. The investigation was limited to representative members of the class of generic 2×2 extensive form games of perfect information, which include widely studied games in the experimental literature, and the resulting cla...

The quantum world is allegedly strange. But it? What if there’s a simple mathematical explanation, and solution? success of mechanics (QM) arises from the accuracy its probability predictions, which are obtained by squaring amplitudes (the Born rule). Suppose for moment that nature uses negative QM’s equations. When squared they would yield same probabilities, confirmed experiments technologica...

OBJECTIVES A retrospective analysis of injuries caused by vehicles that were reversing or rolling backwards to establish guidelines for prevention was performed. PATIENTS AND METHODS Medical records and questionnaires completed by parents for 32 children admitted to the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graz, within the past eight years, were analysed. RESULTS The median age was 2.1 years (1...

Observations were made that falsify planetary formation via proto-planetary disk. An alternative model is proposed. Observations that Falsify the Proto-planetary Disk/Nebular Hypothesis Model: 1. Older stars are still mislabeled by mainstream as planets/exo-planets. [1] They orbit the opposite direction their host star is rotating. [2] The backwards orbits completely falsifies any notion of a c...

Observations were made that falsify planetary formation via proto-planetary disk. An alternative model is proposed. Observations that Falsify the Proto-planetary Disk/Nebular Hypothesis Model: 1. Older stars are still mislabeled by mainstream as planets/exo-planets. [1] They orbit the opposite direction their host star is rotating. [2] The backwards orbits completely falsifies any notion of a c...

State estimation is the task of estimating the state of a partially observable dynamical system given a sequence of executed actions and observations. In logical settings, state estimation can be realized via logical filtering. Unfortunately such filtering, though exact, can be intractable. To this end, we propose logical smoothing, a form of backwards reasoning that works in concert with logic...

Forward State Planning with Reachability Heuristics is arguably the most successful approach to Automated Planning up to date. In addition to an estimation of the distance to the goal, relaxed plans obtained with such heuristics provide the search with useful information such as helpful actions and look-ahead states. However, this information is extracted only from the beginning of the relaxed ...