This study offers comprehensive details on the use of bio-fuel as a viable and alternative source of energy. The bio-fuel was prepared from vegetable oil, i.e., mustard oil and tested in a diesel engine in both pure form and as a diesel blend. The mustard oil blend proportions were 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% and named as bio-diesel blends B20, B30, B40 and B50. A fuel-testing laboratory determined t...

The increased use of biodiesel implies variations on both greenhouse gases and air pollutant emissions. Some studies point out that the use of biodiesel blends on diesel can help in controlling air pollution and promote a reduction of CO2 emissions. Reductions on PM, SO2, VOC and CO emissions are also expected, however NOx emissions may increase, which may potentiate O3 formation. This work aim...

The source of disagreement between Pigou, the profession, and Coase in regard to the externalities is thought to be transaction cost. Coase shows that the traditional prescription for remedying externality problems can be wrong if transaction cost is positive. But Pigou did recognize that positive transaction cost played a role in creating externality problems even though the profession later f...

The cytochrome bd complex in the obligately aerobic diazotroph Azotobacter vinelandii is an oxidase, which, in vivo, has a low affinity for oxygen and is required for respiratory protection of nitrogenase. Mutations caused by insertion of Tn5-B20 upstream of the structural genes (cydAB) for cytochrome bd result in over-expression of this oxidase and, for unexplained reasons, inability of the or...

Diminishing of conventional fuels and hysterical vehicles emission leads to deterioration of the environment, which emphasize the research to work on biofuels. Biofuels from different sources attract the attention of research due to low emission and biodegradability. Emission of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and H-C reduced drastically using Biofuels (B-20) combustion. Contrary to the convent...

We answer the following question: Let λ, μ, ν be arbitrary real numbers. Does there exist a 3-dimensional homogeneous Riemannian manifold whose eigenvalues of the Ricci tensor are just λ, μ and ν ? It is essential to observe that inspite of the fact that the curvature of a 3–manifold is uniquely determined by the Ricci tensor, nevertheless, the constancy of all its three eigenvalues does not im...

The method to fabricate complex shaped micro-patterned ceramic structures has been developed. Vacuum-assisted infiltrating the suspensions to the micro channels generated by the contact of polydimethylsiloxane mold to the substrate enables simple micro patterning of ceramics with complex structures in a relatively large area in short time. The use of well-dispersed ethanol-based suspensions of ...

--This research is aimed to investigate experimentally the performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine when fuelled with blends of conventional diesel fuel and ethanol, blends of rice bran methyl ester with ethanol, blends of diesel and rice bran methyl ester over the entire range of load on the engine. The experimental results showed that the highe...

In 1979, when anthropometric history was still in its infancy, Robert Fogel and collaborators reported that the height of the US male white population began to decline quite unexpectedly around the birth cohorts of 1830. This was quite a conundrum on account of the fact that according to conventional economic theory nutritional status was not expected to diminish at the outset of modern economi...

The Okada & Samreth (2012, EL) and Asongu (2012, EB; 2013, EEL) debate on ‘the effect of foreign aid on corruption’ has had an important influence in policy and academic circles. This paper provides a unifying framework by using investment and fiscal behavior transmission channels in 53 African countries for the period 1996-2010. Findings unite the two streams of the debate and broadly suggest ...