Bending is the uniform straining of material around a straight axis and is used commonly in various sheet metal industrial products. Since all materials have a finite modulus of elasticity, plastic deformation is followed by some elastic recovery when the load is removed. In bending processes this phenomenon is called springback. Springback occurs not only in flat sheets or plate, but also in b...

Sheet metal forming processes, the purpose of which is to give shaped material appropriate mechanical, dimensional and shape properties, are characterised by different values unit pressures lubrication conditions. Increasing efficiency tool work increasing their durability, reliability still one main indicators production efficiency. Tool wear in technologies significantly differs from characte...