Environmental conditions leave an imprint in the human body. The physical development of children is enhanced by a healthy environment, including high-quality nutrition in sufficient quantities. Deprivation, in contrast, stunts body growth. As a consequence, children suffering from chronic malnutrition fall short of their genetic growth potential and, on average, become shorter adults. This wil...

CONTEXT Several international studies have observed a correlation between the improvement of socio-demographic indicators and rates of incidence and mortality from cancer of the colon and rectum. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to estimate the correlation between average per capita income and the rate of colorectal cancer mortality in Brazil between 2001 and 2009. METHODS We obtain...

Why Do Self-Employed Immigrants in Denmark and Sweden Have Such Low Incomes? When studying income differences and income distribution, the self-employed are often excluded from the population studied. There are several good reasons for this, for example that incomes from self-employment are not reported to the same extent as incomes from being an employee. On the other hand it is a problem to e...

Research endeavours require the collaborative effort of an increasing number of individuals. International scientific collaborations are particularly important for HIV and HPV co-infection studies, since the burden of disease is rising in developing countries, but most experts and research funds are found in developed countries, where the prevalence of HIV is low. The objective of our study was...

Merchant fees and reward programs generate an implicit monetary transfer from “cash” users to credit card users because merchants generally do not set differential prices for card users to recoup the costs of merchant fees. On average, each cash-using household transfers $50 to households that use credit cards, and each credit card using household receives a subsidy of $240 every year. Among ca...

I employ high quality register data to present new facts about income mobility in Sweden. The focus of the paper is on regional differences in mobility, using a novel approach based on a multilevel model. This method is well suited when regions differ greatly in population size, as is the case in Sweden. The maximum likelihood estimates are substantially more precise than those obtained by runn...

The econophysics ‘‘two-class’’ theory of Yakovenko and his co-authors shows that the distribution of labor incomes is roughly exponential. This paper extends this result to US subgroups categorized by gender and race. It is well known that Males have higher average incomes than Females, and Whites have higher average incomes than African-Americans. It is also evident that social policies can af...

IN THE: TWITED STATES, such credentials of schooling as diplomas and number of years completed have long been important for job and income prospects. Since World Kar II, the symbols of eclucatioii hare become crucial. In 1959, adult, workers with eighth-grade diplomas earned $3,600 a year on the average. Those who went on to high school but withdrew before graduating earned about $4,300. High s...

Research has shown that parents with higher socioeconomic status provide more resources to their children during childhood and adolescence. The authors asked whether similar effects associated with parental socioeconomic position are extended to adult children. Middle-aged parents (N = 633) from the Family Exchanges Study reported support they provided to their grown children and coresidence wi...