PURPOSE To study the distribution of optic disc, cup, and neural rim size by ocular and demographic variables in a population-based sample of 6-year-old children. METHODS The Sydney Childhood Eye Study examined 1765 of 2238 eligible 6-year-old children (78.9%) from 34 randomly selected Sydney schools during 2003 to 2004. Comprehensive standardized eye examination included cycloplegic autorefr...

PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of refractive error types in Singaporean Chinese children aged 6 to 72 months. METHODS The Strabismus, Amblyopia and Refractive Error in Singaporean Children (STARS) is a population-based study in southwest Singapore. Door-to-door recruitment of participants was used, with disproportionate random sampling in 6-month increments. Parental questionnaires were ...

PURPOSE To study the relationship between baseline spherical equivalents (SphE) of refraction and prevalent as well as incident age-related maculopathy (pARM and iARM, respectively). METHODS The study was performed as part of the Rotterdam Study, a population-based, prospective cohort study. The SphE (in diopters), measured with autorefraction and subjective optimization, was recorded in 6209...

AIMS To determine if 'Defocus Incorporated Soft Contact' (DISC) lens wear slows childhood myopia progression. METHODS A 2-year double-blind randomised controlled trial was carried out in 221 children aged 8-13 years, with myopia between -1.00 and -5.00 Dioptres (D) and astigmatism ≤1.00 D. Subjects were randomly assigned to the DISC (n=111) or single vision (SV; n=110) contact lens group. DIS...

PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of refractive errors among high school students. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, we applied stratified cluster sampling on high school students of Aligoudarz, Western Iran. Examinations included visual acuity, non-cycloplegic refraction by autorefraction and fine tuning with retinoscopy. Myopia and hyperopia were defined as spherical equivalent of -0.5/...

PURPOSE To investigate the effect of ocular dominance on myopia development. METHODS One hundred seventy-eight myopic children (age range, 7-13 years) were recruited for a 2-year longitudinal study. The development of myopia was evaluated by the change of objective refractive error, determined with cycloplegic autorefraction, and axial length, determined with A-scan ultrasonography. Ocular do...

OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of angle closure in a defined population as part of the Namil Study. METHODS In this cross-sectional epidemiologic study for residents aged 40 years or older in Namil-myon, a rural area in central South Korea, the examination included slitlamp biomicroscopy, applanation tonometry, gonioscopy, autorefraction, fundus photography, co...

PURPOSE To determine the utility of a child's first grade refractive error and parental history of myopia as predictors of myopia onset between the second and eighth grades. METHODS Subjects were nonmyopic children in the first grade who were enrolled in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study. Myopia was defined as -0.75 D or more myopia in ...

BACKGROUND Lifestyle behaviour may play a role in refractive error among children, but the association between near work habits and refractive anisometropia remains unclear. METHODS We estimated the prevalence of refractive anisometropia and examined its association with near work activities among 23,114 children in the Myopia Investigation Study in Taipei who were grade 2 elementary school s...

PURPOSE To explore the effectiveness of using a series of tests combining near visual acuity (NVA) and distance visual acuity (DVA) for large-scale screenings for significant refractive error (SRE) in primary school children. METHOD Each participant underwent DVA, NVA and cycloplegic autorefraction measurements. SREs, including high myopia, high hyperopia and high astigmatism were analyzed. C...