In Africa, the 21st century has seen increased policy focus on electricity sector, with targets for providing reliable, affordable power and achieving universal access. But how to understand policymaking affecting these goals? Recent academic literature tended factors like ‘political will’ positive impacts of democratic liberal-market institutional reform. However, given predominance authoritar...

russia is considered the core of the former empire of the ussr. many social and structural features of the soviet :union: could be observed in the development of russia’s political power and strategic attitude. geo-political competitions between russia and the west can be traced back to the 19th century. these competitions were shaped within the framework of the balance of power system in inter...

There has been a long history of work on authoritarianism that has looked at the role of societal threat. Much of the empirical research in this tradition has relied on aggregate data to examine the relationship between societal threat and authoritarian attitudes and behaviors. Our analysis uses individual-level data and a range of perceived threat measures to better understand the dynamics of ...

reformism discourse was organized according to a set of non- homogeneous theories and because it was a combination of traditional teachings of islam and teachings of modern liberalism simultaneously, it didn’t have any theoretical integrity. immediate integration of reformers during the election was dues to a historical necessity of opposition against conservatisms, candidate who considered him...

Strong tendencies exist to apply information technology to support centralist, authoritarian world views. It is argued that alternative architectures can be readily created, which are more attuned to the openness and freedoms which are supposed to be the hallmarks of democratic government. It is questioned whether authoritarianism will be capable of surviving the complexities, dynamism and wide...

We study the constrained Pareto efficient allocations in a dynamic production economy in which the group that holds political power decides the allocation of resources. We show that Pareto efficient allocations take a quasi-Markovian structure and can be represented recursively as a function of the identity of the group in power and updated Pareto weights. For high discount factors, the economy...