The aim of this study was to investigate the causal relations between COVID-19 economic supports and Bitcoin markets. For purpose, we first determined degree integration variables by implementing Fourier Augmented Dickey–Fuller unit root tests. Then, carried out both linear (Bootstrap Toda–Yamamoto) non-linear (Fractional Frequency Flexible form causality tests consider nonlinearities in variab...

For univariate time series we suggest a new variant of efficient score tests against fractional alternatives. This test has three important merits. First, by means of simulations we observe that it is superior in terms of size and power in some situations of practical interest. Second, it is easily understood and implemented as a slight modification of the Dickey-Fuller test, although our score...

In this paper we focus on two major issues that surround testing for a unit root in practice, namely: (i) uncertainty as to whether or not a linear deterministic trend is present in the data, and (ii) uncertainty as to whether the initial condition of the process is (asymptotically) negligible or not. In each case simple testing procedures are proposed with the aim of maintaining good power pro...

The study investigates the impact of taxation on the Nigerian economy for the period 1994 -2012.The dependent variables used in the model includes: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a parameter for measuring economic growth, Inflation and unemployment. The objective is this study is to determine how taxation affects these macroeconomic variables. To avoid spurious results, the data set collected ...

Background: One of the most fundamental objectives of the macroeconomic policies is to realize the relationship between economic growth and inflation. According to some monetary policy advisors, inflation reflects erosion in consumer’s purchasing power. Inflation as an important economic variable, affect the economic growth and its impact on economic growth has been proposed in various theories...

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is frequently regarded as a key driver of global economic integration because it brings job opportunities, capital investment, and business experience. The current study examines the impact of foreign direct investment on Afghanistan's economic growth using time-series data from 2007 to 2019, which are collected from the World Bank and the International Monetary ...

We propose a class of simple rank-based tests for the null hypothesis of a unit root. This class is indexed by the choice of a reference density g, which needs not coincide with the unknown actual innovation density f . The validity of these tests, in terms of exact finite sample size, is guaranteed by distribution-freeness, irrespective of the value of the drift and the actual underlying f . W...

More than 90% of cattle in Indonesia are raised by smallholder farmer. They facing limited land resources so that the input feed mostly depend on agriculture waste and its environment. The aimed this study was to determine potential agricultural which influence development beef cattle. sample locations were 3 districts from eastern part West Java province. Panel data variables thought have an e...

In this paper, in the first step, we show that the fractional DickeyFuller test proposed by Dolado et al [10] is useless in practice. In the second step, we propose a new testing procedure for the degree of fractional integration of a time series inspired on the unit root test of Dickey-Fuller [7]. The composite null hypothesis is that of d ≥ d0 against d < d0. The test statistics is the same a...

This study examined the effect of foreign capital inflows on economic development in Nigeria. The adopted Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF), Bound Test and Autoregressive Distributed Lag to analyze yearly data sourced from Central Bank Nigeria (2019). ARDL result revealed long run relationship between coefficients that direct investment had positive but insignificant per capita income (c=0.056; p=0...