It is widely accepted that Mars had an atmosphere at least 4 Gyr ago. The processes that led to the loss of the Martian atmosphere are still debated. Solar-wind-induced sputtering, impact erosion, weathering, sequestration into the regolith and polar caps, and photodissociative reactions are the mechanisms believed to be responsible for removing the atmosphere. No one process has been shown to ...

A sealed atmosphere in a mined-out area of an underground coal mine is simply a volume with homogeneous composition governed by boundary conditions. This paper presents a mathematical model based upon the conservation of mass principle that describes the flow of air (nitrogen and oxygen), methane and carbon dioxide into and out of a sealed atmosphere and the time-dependent changes in gas concen...

The Earth’s atmosphere is a large scale laboratory to study particles. Particles from stellar processes impinge on the top of the Earth’s atmosphere and propagate downward. Particles from discharge processes at the bottom of the atmosphere propagate upwards into near-Earth space. The acceleration of both particle populations in the Earth’s atmosphere produces electromagnetic radiation which is ...

Monte Carlo Ray Tracing: MCRT based sensitivity analysis of the geophysical parameters (the atmosphere and the ocean) on Top of the Atmosphere: TOA radiance in visible to near infrared wavelength regions is conducted. As the results, it is confirmed that the influence due to the atmosphere is greater than that of the ocean. Scattering and absorption due to aerosol particles and molecules in the...

This study was conducted to examine the relationship between the family emotional atmosphere, perceptions of classroom activities, and academic engagement among female high school students. The research design was descriptive- correlational. The statistical population of the study was comprised of all female high school students in District 4 of Ahwaz from among whom 341 students were selected ...

The purpose of this research was to determine the mediating role of integrative self-knowledge in the relationship between family emotional atmosphere and self-control among high school students in Naqadeh. This research had a descriptive design. The statistical population of the study was comprised of all senior high school students in Naqadeh in 2018-19 school year. The drawn sample (315 stud...