Adequate energy intake in adolescent athletes is considered important. Total energy expenditure (TEE) can be calculated from resting energy expenditure (REE) and physical activity level (PAL). However, validated PAL recommendations are available for adult athletes only. Purpose was to comprise physical activity data in adolescent athletes and to establish PAL recommendations for this population...

BACKGROUND Up to 1 billion people have insufficient or deficient vitamin D levels. Despite the well-documented, widespread prevalence of low vitamin D levels and the importance of vitamin D for athletes, there is a paucity of research investigating the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in athletes. HYPOTHESIS We investigated the prevalence of abnormal vitamin D levels in National Collegiate ...

This study was aimed to identify the body dissatisfaction among female athletes and in nonfemale athletes. This present study also examined ideals body size, and media influence towards body dissatisfaction perception among female recreational athletes and nonathletes. Participants were 40 women age ranged between 21 and 30 years: 20 recreational athletes who regularly go to the gym, do running...

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence rate of disordered eating behaviors in young female athletes and to compare the anxiety levels of the athletes with or without disordered eating behaviors. Female athletes (n=243) of 15 to 25 years old from the city, Edirne, in Turkey participated our study. Disordered eating behaviors and anxiety levels of participants were evaluated by t...

There are relatively few studies on female athletes examining cardiac size and function and how these measures relate to maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). When determining sports eligibility, it is important to know what physiological adaptations and characteristics may be expected in female athletes, taking body and cardiac size into account. The purposes of this study were (a) to compare right ...

The relevance of headache to outcome following sports concussion is poorly understood and no studies exist examining this issue. The current study was conducted to investigate whether postconcussion headaches are associated with neurocognitive deficits and/or presence of other postconcussion symptoms at approximately one-week post injury. Study participants included 110 high school athletes who...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relation between iron status and physical working capacity, and to assess the effect of oral iron treatment on these variables, in athletes with borderline iron status. METHODS Blood haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and ferritin determinations were compared in 71 male and 18 female...

PURPOSE To assess the effects of random drug and alcohol testing (DAT) among high school athletes. METHODS This was a 2-year prospective randomized controlled study of a single cohort among five intervention high schools with a DAT policy and six schools with a deferred policy, serially assessed by voluntary, confidential questionnaires. DAT school athletes were at risk for random testing dur...

BACKGROUND Despite beneficial effects of physical activity on cardiovascular risk, discordant data on elite athletes (high atherosclerotic damage in activity comprising strenuous exertion) and retired sportsmen are reported in the literature. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesize that long-lasting daily physical activity could affect the morphology and function of the carotid and femoral vessel walls dif...