Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin (CyaA, AC-Hly, or ACT) permeabilizes cell membranes by forming small cation-selective (hemolytic) pores and subverts cellular signaling by delivering into host cells an adenylate cyclase (AC) enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP. Both AC delivery and pore formation were previously shown to involve a predicted amphipathic alpha-helix(502-522) containing a...

The first step in metabolic activation of mutagenic and carcinogenic heterocyclic amines has been elucidated to be N-hydroxylation by cytochrome P-448. N-Hydroxyamino compounds are further activated to form N-O-acyl derivatives that readily react with DNA. The adducts between the metabolites of Trp-P-2 and Glu-P-1 and DNA were shown to have a C8-guanylamino structure. In the case of Glu-P-1, mo...

Objective(s): Many studies have focused on ventral tegmental area than of other mesocorticolimbic areas, and implicated a key role for the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the development of addictive behaviors. So far, the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in the discriminative properties of morphine has received little attention and few studies evaluated the role of these rec...

UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to investigate whether compartmental modeling of 1-(11)C-glucose PET kinetics can be used for noninvasive measurements of myocardial glucose metabolism beyond its initial extraction. METHODS 1-(11)C-Glucose and U-(13)C-glucose were injected simultaneously into 22 mongrel dogs under a wide range of metabolic states; this was followed by 1 h of PET data acqu...

Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant drug. Abuse of METH produces long-term behavioral changes including behavioral, sensitization, tolerance, and dependence. It induces neurotoxic effects in several areas of the brain via enhancing dopamine (DA) level abnormally, which may cause a secondary release of glutamate (GLU). However, repeated administration of METH still increases release of G...

High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) encoded by alleles at the Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 loci confer unique end-use quality properties of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat accessions with high-quality HMW-GSs combination Ax2*/Bx7OE/Dx5 usually exhibit strong gluten characteristics. In order to stack these three subunit genes molecular markers in breeding, an agarose gel-b...

Introduction Glutamate (Glu) and glutamine (Gln) are two major neurochemicals in the central nervous system. Quantifying Glu and Gln in vivo using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been of particular interest to basic science for understanding the Glu/Gln component of the Krebs cycle and its alteration by neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy and alcoholism. H...