The present review article aimed to a focused summary of the main immunomodulatory properties some most frequently used herbaceous plants either in traditional medicine or as food supplements: andrographis (Andrographis paniculata), astragalus (Astragalus propinquus/membranaceus), black cumin (Nigella sativa), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), purple coneflowe...

The geographic distribution of Astragalus (Fabaceae) in Iran was analyzed using a database of 7606 georeferencedobservations. Astragalus occurs in all provinces of Iran, but 88% ofthe observations are in five provinces including Tehran, West-Azerbaijan, Esfahan, Kordestan, and Khorasan-e Razavi.Most species are rare and narrowly endemic: Thelargest distance between two observations of the same ...

Ernest Sosa has made and continues to make major contributions to a wide variety of topics in epistemology. In this paper I discuss some of his core ideas about the nature of knowledge and scepticism. I start with a discussion of and objections against the safety account of knowledge—a view he has championed and further developed over the years. I continue with some questions concerning the rol...

[This corrects the article on p. 738 in vol. 44.].

A new species of Astragalus is described: Astragalus barnasariformis sp. nov., Maassoumi, F. Ghahrem. & Bagheri. It is endemic to Zanjan province in northwestern Iran. Morphological evidence supports taxonomic placement of the new species in Astragalus sect. Trachycercis. The species appears to be most closely related to A. barnasari Grossh. and A. chalilovii.

The qualitative and quantitative chemical compositions of Astragalus vulpinus Willd. herb were investigated included saponins, flavonoids, ascorbic acid. Porsolt tests on white outbred male rats subjected to informational stress used study the psychomodulating effect A. herbal extract their behavior. It was established that produced protective action under conditions by restoring changes psycho...