For over 2,500 years, innovation was a contested idea. It became de-contested in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Two types of argument contributed to this rehabilitation: an economic one (utility) and a cultural one (creativity). Over time, the former became dominant in theories, public policy and discourses. Yet many writers on innovation continue to define innovation as creativity. Wh...

the reader as one of the three angles of literary criticism triangle besides its two other angles i.e. the writer and literary work is considered as one of the effective factors in studying a  literary work in critical circles. some critics call him consumer on the one hand and producer on the other hand because of his interpretations and perceptions. accordingly, literary works are divided int...

Article aims to discuss the interrelations of referentiality, nomination and determination in English short story. According concept culture, we should consider “literary world” as cultural word, which represents referential space . Nouns nominated text express category Nomination and  Determination ( definiteness/indefiniteness) same way creates Referential Structure a literary narrative....

This article was written based on the key concept of polysystem theory which, in translating any literary text, emphasizes the transference of the social systems in which a text is embedded. As stated by Tynjanov (1978a), polysystem theory saw translated literature as a system operating in the larger social systems of the target text. Thus, the task of understanding as well as transferring such...

in the poetics of aristotle, art and literature are imitations of reality and all literary elements have objective representation in the real world. following the theories of ferdinand de saussure and roman jakobson and formation of new literary approaches such as structuralism, there existed a modern poetics which didn’t consider literature as an imitation of reality but introduces it as recon...

Literatures of various cultures interfere with one another so that each of them may become part of another’s literary polysystem. Accordingly, the researchers, in this study, attempted to recognize what position Persian literary polysystem allowed English literature in particular Persian translations of English modern short stories to occupy during 1990-2005. This study also intended to find ou...