The survey of plant and animal populations is central to undertaking field ecology. However, detection is imperfect, so the absence of a species cannot be determined with certainty. Methods developed to account for imperfect detectability during surveys do not yet account for stochastic variation in detectability over time or space. When each survey entails a fixed cost that is not spent search...

Protected areas are critical for the conservation of many threatened species. Despite this, many protected areas are acutely underfunded, which reduces their effectiveness significantly. Tourism is one mechanism to promote and fund conservation in protected areas, but there are few studies analyzing its tangible conservation outcomes for threatened species. This study uses the 415 IUCN critical...

We list the known values of the classes of combinatorial game, Toads and Frogs. We hope this will make a good reference for the future works relate to this game.

The population migration algorithm (PMA) is a simulation of a population of the intelligent algorithm. Given the prematurity and low precision of PMA, this paper introduces a local search mechanism of the leap-frog algorithm and crossover operator to improve the PMA search speed and global convergence properties. The typical test function verifies the improved algorithm through its performance....

bouts irrespective of sex. This behavior seems to fit the play criteria and certainly warrants closer study. I have studied Vietnamese mossy frog tadpoles repeatedly ‘riding’ bubbles from an airstone at the bottom of a tall tank to the top. I have observed similar behavior in marine fish in a large very tall communal aquarium with such an air column. Here it is actually possible to be a bit ant...