CD40 ligand (CD40L)-deficient C57BL/6 mice failed to control intracellular Leishmania donovani visceral infection, indicating that acquired resistance involves CD40-CD40L signaling and costimulation. Conversely, in wild-type C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice with established visceral infection, injection of agonist anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (MAb) induced killing of approximately 60% of parasites with...

Surma is a traditional eye cosmetic and eye-cure of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. It is made from antimony suiphide and may contain lead as an accidental impurity remaining in antimony suiphide or as an intentional adulterant. Ingestion of lead through constant use of surma can pose a serious health hazard. This study is an attempt to assess the lead content of surma in forty separate samples...

can be considered cured and the antimony treatment discontinued. From time to time since the introduction of the treatment with the antimony tartrates various rules have been suggested for the course of treatment that is necessary to effect a cure; these rules have become more and more elastic and there is usually a very decided tendency towards prolongation of the course. Sir Leonard Rogers fi...

Under the title " Experimental Studies ill Bilharzia Therapy ($. spindalis)Dr. Hamilton Fairley, in the August 1924 issue of the Indian Medical Gazette, published details of a comparative investigation of the action of antimony tartrate and emetine on goats experimentally infected with 6". spindalis. Dr. Fairley found emetine superior to antimony tartrate as a specific cure for the goats and wr...

Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has been used with success in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. However, resistance to arsenite agents reduces their efficacy. We have isolated arsenite-resistant human epidermoid carcinoma KB cells, termed KAS. KAS cells were resistant to sodium arsenite (22-fold) and showed a reduced accumulation of arsenite as a result of an active efflux mechanism. Furt...

In the Indian Medical Gazette for June 1927, Chopra, Gupta, and David described a new serum test for kala-azar. These workers observed that when certain organic compounds of antimony were brought in contact with the serum from kala-azar patients in a miniature testtube, a thick flocculent precipitate was formed at the junction of the two; whereas with nonkala-azar sera no such precipitation occ...

A new processing technique for a few alkali antimonide photocathodes is described. This technique does not require an initial antimony layer as in the conventional techniques. Electron microscopic examination of the antimony film shows that the antimony film is affected by ambient gases, and the improvement of senistivity which results in this technique is thought to be due to the absence of it...

The chromosomal arsenic resistance genes of the acidophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, biomining bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans were cloned and sequenced. Homologues of four arsenic resistance genes, arsB, arsC, arsH, and a putative arsR gene, were identified. The T. ferrooxidans arsB (arsenite export) and arsC (arsenate reductase) gene products were functional when they were cloned in an Esc...

The clinical value of antimonial drugs, the mainstay therapy for leishmaniasis, is now threatened by the emergence of acquired drug resistance, and a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms is required. Using the model organism Leishmania tarentolae, we have examined the role of trypanothione S-transferase (TST) in trivalent antimony [Sb(III)] resistance. TST has S-transferase ...