The 1876 British Cruelty to Animals Act introduced an unprecedented administrative system supervise any experiment “calculated give pain” a living animal. act, which was in force for hundred years, established tight of control over animal experimentation, including small, but vigorous, inspectorate. This article explores the relations between bureaucracy and production knowledge through corresp...

When an animal is presented with spinal pain of a neurological origin, there are five possible differentials for the cause of that pain. They are; intervertebral disk disease, neoplasia (of the spinal cord or surrounding structures), diskospondylitis, trauma, and myelitis / meningitis. Occasionally, other disease processes may fit into a list of differentials for spinal pain based on the signal...

background: estradiol and progesterone as well as hippocampal gabaa receptors are believed to play a role in the modulation of pain. the aim of present study was to investigate the effect of intrahippocampal injections of gabaa receptor agonist (muscimol) and gabaa receptor antagonist (picrotoxin) on pain sensitivity during estrous cycle. methods: pain sensitivity was evaluated in rats by forma...

The concept of sentience, which concerns the capacity to have feelings, involves cognitive concepts and awareness. The cognitive capacities of parrots, corvids, cows, pigs and sheep are substantial. All vertebrates, including fish, are shown to have pain systems. There has been rapid development in animal welfare science, including pain assessment. Examples of new pain indicators in sheep and o...