This  study  examined  the  effects  of  individual  difference  (ID)  factors  on  changing  pragmatic abilities  among  L2  learners  of  English.  Participants  were  48  Japanese  EFL  students  in  an English-medium  university  in  Japan.  They  completed  a  pragmatic  speaking  test  (k=12)  that assessed  their  ability  to  produce  two  speech  acts:  requests  and  opinions,  in  hi...

the current study was carried out to investigate the functions of the ritual speech act of ‘ya allah’ (literally meaning ‘o god’) employed by iranians in social interactions. to this end, sixty-two persian native speakers of different age groups, ranging from 35 to 85, of both genders were observed in 250 natural situations such as daily interactions, gatherings, public or private places and lo...

enforcement of civil claims dictums is based on conditions and ceremonials that stated in civil dictums enforcement act. deadline respite in dictums enforcement is unreasonable and athwart goal and philosophy of procedure. also it,s against the indispensable of dictums. after islamic revolution, legislator ordains regulations that give extra deadline to some governmental and public organization...

Abstract I propose an analysis of lying with uninformative speech acts. The orthodox view states that is restricted to assertions. However, the growing case for non-assertoric lies made by presuppositions or conventional implicatures challenges this orthodoxy. So far, only have been considered as were informative presuppositions. In fact, not discussed in philosophical literature. limiting poss...