We study the demand for household water connections in urban Morocco, and the effect of such connections on household welfare. In the northern city of Tangiers, among homeowners without a private connection to the city’s water grid, a random subset was offered a simplified procedure to purchase a household connection on credit (at a zero percent interest rate). Take-up was high, at 69%. Because...

a methodology is presented in this paper to find optimal location and dosage of chlorine injection in water distribution networks. the objective is to minimize the chlorine consumption while keeping the residual chlorine at each node within the standard range. unfortunately because of wrong water quality management in water distribution networks in many parts of the world, many problems such as...

a b s t r a c t introduction: aloe vera extract is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-bradikinin agent in laboratory animals. the aim of this survey was to evaluate the ant-nociceptive effect of a. vera aqueous extract in fructose-fed male rats. methods: forty-five wistar-albino male rats were equally and randomly divided into five groups including sham operated and four test groups. sham op...

Since rice is a staple food most consumed world-wide, there have been increasing health concerns regarding exposure to arsenic through rice consumption. Several studies have reported the accumulation of arsenic in rice grains cultivated in regions with elevated levels of arsenic in groundwater or contaminated soil. Therefore the principal aim of this study was determining the amount of arsenic ...

conclusions coffee caused the most color changes in the examined resin denture teeth. tea and cola left less staining on the teeth, and distilled water caused the least discoloration. generally, investing by heat- and cold-cured acrylic resins can significantly affect the color stability of resin denture teeth; however, heat-cured acrylic resins had fewer color changes. results there were signi...

BACKGROUND Interpretation of previous associations between water intake and adverse birth outcomes is challenging given that amount and type of water consumed can be non-specific markers of exposure or underlying behavioural characteristics. We examined the relationship between water intake measures and adverse birth outcomes in participants from three study sites in the United States. METHOD...

A cross-sectional survey using computer-assisted telephone interviewing was performed to assess the drinking water consumption patterns in a Canadian community, and to examine the associations between these patterns and various demographic characteristics. The median amount of water consumed daily was four 250 ml servings (1.01), although responses were highly variable (0 to 8.01). Bottled wate...

We examined body fluid regulation by weanling (21-25 days) and adult (>60 days) male rats that were offspring of dams fed chow containing either 0.1, 1, or 3% NaCl throughout gestation and lactation. Weanling rats were maintained on the test diets until postnatal day 30 and on standard 1% NaCl chow thereafter. Ad libitum water intake by weanlings was highest in those fed 3% NaCl and lowest in t...