the main purpose of this paper is analyzing sustainability condition for potato cultivation in bahar-hamedan plain. potato farmers population in this plain is 2054 individuals. we obtained sample size, which are 162 by using cochrane’s formula. for increasing accuracy 172 samples fill out the questionnaires. data analyzed by spss software. results showed that sustainability level was low or ver...

the main goal of this study is to identify the determinants of the energy intensity in the iranian economy using annual data for the period 1974-2012. changes in energy intensity can be seen as related to three factors including price, income, and autonomous energy efficiency improvements (based on technical progress). moreover the role of energy quality in enhancement of total factor productiv...

For each quartile of income per consumption unit, annual time-series have been estimated from panel surveys, with annual waves of observations since 1974: INSEE Households' Continuous survey from 1974 to 1994, Sofres “Parc-Auto” panel survey since 1994. In these data sources, household behaviour is described through: car ownership (percentages of households with at least one car, and of multi-c...

Background: Many radioactive compounds may be released into the environment and hence into the drinking water supplies due to the human activities. Radionuclides can also enter the food chain if the contaminated water is used for drinking or irrigation purposes. Objective: To estimate the annual effective dose of natural radioactive materials like 226Ra and 40K in drinking water of wells in Zan...

OBJECTIVES Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is one of the fastest growing causes of death worldwide. However, few studies, if any, have been conducted that have investigated patient profiles in Asia. This paper analyzes patient willingness to pay (WTP) as a function of patient disease severity, health-related quality of life (HRQL), and smoking behavior in Taiwan. STUDY DESIGN A c...

OBJECTIVES To identify risk factors, and their interactions, for suicidal ideation among the elderly in rural communities of Hunan and to provide some scientific basis for suicide prevention. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the elderly in rural communities in China's Hunan Province. Thirteen areas were selected by multi-staged cluster random sampl...

The objective of this paper is to present an empirical measure of economic welfare, hereafter called "economic position," which integrates, current money income and current net worth. We apply the resulting measure illustratively, comparing some of its results with those of the income measure. Subsequently, some of the implications of our measure are explored. The proposed measure rests on the ...

BACKGROUND Albuminuria is an important risk factor for progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is more prevalent in black than white adults. We sought to determine the association between low income and albuminuria and whether this association differs for blacks and whites. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 9,144 black and 13,684 white US adults 45 years and ol...

most of the population of nigeria is rural and agriculture is the mainstay of the impoverished people’s livelihood. this paper estimated the determinants of rural poverty in nigeria using the tobit regression model. through the multistage sampling technique, primary data were obtained from 150 rural farming households using a questionnaire. the result of tobit regression analysis shows that inc...