Apoptosis is an important mechanism for sculpting morphology. However, themolecular cascades that control apoptosis in developing limb buds remain largely unclear. Here, we show that MafB was specifically expressed in apoptotic regions of chick limb buds, and MafB/cFos heterodimers repressed apoptosis, whereas MafB/cJun heterodimers promoted apoptosis for sculpting the shape of the limbs. Chrom...

Taste buds are composed of a variety of taste receptor cell types that develop from tongue epithelium and are regularly replenished under normal homeostatic conditions as well as after injury. The characteristics of cells that give rise to regenerating taste buds are poorly understood. Recent studies have suggested that Lgr5 (leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5) identifi...

Several transmitter candidates including serotonin (5-HT), ATP, and norepinephrine (NE) have been identified in taste buds. Recently, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as well as the associated synthetic enzymes and receptors have also been identified in taste cells. GABA reduces taste-evoked ATP secretion from Receptor cells and is considered to be an inhibitory transmitter in taste buds. However, to...

The conservation of genetic resources in cryocollections requires reliable protocols for the cryopreservation and regeneration preserved material. With Ulmus glabra, thawed buds by vitro organogenesis has suffered from low shoot growth high contamination rates. dehydration before improved rate ameliorated cultures initiated buds, although degree success varied depending on donor tree.

In the current study, changes in secondary metabolite synthesis and the pharmaceutical quality of sabah snake grass leaves and buds were considered in relation to plant age (1 month, 6 months, and 1 year old). The activity of the enzyme chalcone synthase (CHS, EC 2.3.1.74) was measured, as it is a key enzyme for flavonoid production. Significant differences in total flavonoid (TF) production we...

High frequency somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration was achieved on calli developed from internodal and flower buds of E. foetidum. The explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of BA and IAA. The nodal explants produced multiple adventitious shoots while the internodal and flower buds induced callus, from which mult...

Behavioral experiments elucidated that newborn mammals must be able to distinguish differences of taste between preferable and aversive sapid solutions in order to continue their development (Steiner, 1973; Ganchrow et al., 1986). Such a gustatory function must depend on the development of taste buds both before and after birth. The appearance and maturation of taste buds are different among th...

Abstract The paper investigated the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of poplar buds ( Populus nigra L .), turmeric Curcuma longa ) ginger Zingiber officinale extracts. Proximate composition, total polyphenols, ß-carotene, vitamin E, minerals capacity were tested for all selected plants. proximate analysis plants showed that had a higher crude protein, fat fiber than ginger. extrac...

The pectoral fins of ancestral fishes had multiple proximal elements connected to their pectoral girdles. During the fin-to-limb transition, anterior proximal elements were lost and only the most posterior one remained as the humerus. Thus, we hypothesised that an evolutionary alteration occurred in the anterior-posterior (AP) patterning system of limb buds. In this study, we examined the pecto...

Water in dormant peach (Prunus persica [L.] Batsch. var. ;Harbrite') flower buds deep supercooled. Both supercooling and the freezing of water within the bud axis and primordium as distinct components depended on the viability of the bud axis tissue. The viability of the primordium was not critical. Supercooling was prevented by wounding buds with a dissecting needle, indicating that bud struct...