In this paper, a novel resilient multi-echelon closed-loop location-allocation-inventory problem (RMCLIP) is addressed that optimizes strategic and tactical decisions simultaneously. In order to represent the purchasing cost of raw material from the supplier, a pricing model under quantity discounts is employed in the closed-loop supply chain (CLSC). Considering the capability of returning the ...

This paper considers the minimization version of a class of nonconvex knapsack problems with piecewise linear cost structure. The items to be included in the knapsack have a divisible quantity and a cost function. An item can be included partially in the given quantity range and the cost is a nonconvex piecewise linear function of quantity. Given a demand, the optimization problem is to choose ...

In this paper, we discuss the possible effects of a temporary price discount offered by a supplier on a retailer’s replenishment policy for timedependent deteriorating items with constant demand rate. The optimal ordered quantity of a special order policy for a selected case is obtained by maximizing the total cost saving between special and regular orders for the duration of the depletion time...

Modern finance theory is based on the competitive market paradigm (see Duffie 1992, Jarrow and Turnbull 1996). The competitive market paradigm has two implicit assumptions. The first is that security markets are perfectly elastic—that is, traders act as price takers. Price takers believe that they can buy and sell as many shares of a security as they wish without changing the price. The second ...

Intertemporal decision making involves choices among options whose effects occur at different moments. These choices are influenced not only by the effect of rewards value perception at different moments, but also by the time perception effect. One of the main difficulties that affect standard experiments involving intertemporal choices is the simultaneity of both effects on time discounting. I...

for planning the grazing of rangeland according to difference in body weight and different energy requirements should determine forage requirement of animal unit. in the other hand, daily need of animal in rangeland depends on the quantity and quality of intake forage composition. for this purpose selected part of the rangeland of fereidunshahr in isfahan province was classified to vegetation t...

Abstract In this paper, Markov chain and dynamic programming were used to represent a suitable pattern for tax relief and tax evasion decrease based on tax earnings in Iran from 2005 to 2009. Results, by applying this model, showed that tax evasion were 6714 billion Rials**. With 4% relief to tax payers and by calculating present value of the received tax, it was reduced to 3108 billion Rials. ...

Lee and Rosenblatt examine ordering and quantity discount decisions for a singlevendor − single-buyer system from the perspective of the supplier. By imposing a constraint on the amount of price discount which may be offered to the purchaser they suggest a procedure for determining the optimal solution regarding the underlying planning problem. However, the proposed algorithm can end up with an...

Although contract reparations have been extensively studied in the context of deontic logics, there is not much literature using reparations in automata-based deontic approaches. Contract automata are a recent approach to modelling the notion of contractbased interaction between different parties using synchronous composition. However, it lacks the notion of reparations for contract violations....