A flooding attack in a wireless sensor network consumes the energy of the sensor node included in the path in the process of sending a persistent false packet to the base station. If a flooding attack is continuously generated, the sensor node with a low residual energy causes energy depletion and the life of the sensor networks is shortened when the number of sensor nodes having depleted energ...

Abstract: Enhanced foam flooding is a chemical flooding technology, which is applied to improve the recovery efficiency of oil and gas. The oil displacement agent of enhanced foam flooding is a foam that the polymer and surfactant solution as liquid. In this paper, three-dimensional mathematical model of unsteady flow is established about enhanced foam system in the porous media, and the numeri...

Adaptive evolution of phenotypic plasticity requires that plastic genotypes have the highest global fitness. We studied selection by spatial heterogeneity of interspecific competition and flooding, and by temporal heterogeneity of flooding on morphological plasticity of 52 genotypes of the clonal shore plant Ranunculus reptans. Competition reduced clone size, rosette size, leaf length and stolo...

QMNF is a QoS-aware multicast routing protocol using N-hop dominating flooding and built upon a layered routing architecture. In this architecture, QMNF invites the N-hop flooding component and the shortest path routing table from OSPF by open signaling interfaces, floods the path-probing packets, and employs a two-pass resource reservation scheme to avoid unnecessary resource reservation. The ...

Surface sediment quality was assessed during a 35-day artificial flood in a shallow (<1.5 m) oxbow lake along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, using Hyalella azteca 28-day bioassays. Seventeen pesticides were monitored in sediments before, during and after flooding, with increases in atrazine and metolachlor concentrations coinciding with two unexpected storm events, 51 and 56 mm, during and a...

Wetlands represent sources or sinks of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). The acidic fen Schlöppnerbrunnen emits denitrification derived N2O and is also capable of N2O consumption. Global warming is predicted to cause more extreme weather events in future years, including prolonged drought periods as well as heavy rainfall events, which may result in flooding. Thus, the effects of prolonge...

Many ad hoc network protocols (e.g., routing, service discovery, etc.) use flooding as the basic mechanism to propagate control messages. In flooding, a node transmits a message to all of its neighbors. The neighbors in turn transmit to their neighbors and so on until the message has been propagated to the entire network. Typically, only a subset of the neighbors is required to forward the mess...

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of flooding on two tomato cultivars and two wild related species. Forty days old tomato plants were subjected to a continuous flooding stress of different durations: 0, 2, 4 and 8 days. Plant pots were placed inside larger plastic pots; they were irrigated with excessive quantity of tap water at 25C so that the level of water above...

Flooding is one of the most fundamental operations in mobile ad hoc networks. Different from broadcast that requires a broadcast routing for transmission of large amount data, flooding is the one-off operation which is usually used for dissemination of control packets. Most of the major routing protocols rely on flooding for disseminating route discovery, route maintenance, and topology update ...

Flooding is a simple routing technique that can be used to transmit data from one node to every other node in a network. The focus of this paper is to investigate improvements to flooding techniques used in ad hoc wireless networks. Recent work has focused on using topological information to reduce the number of broadcasts. The number of broadcasts necessary to flood the network was the major p...