Microwave beam transmission and manipulation in the atmosphere is an important but difficult task. One of the major challenges in transmitting and routing microwaves in air is unavoidable divergence because of diffraction. Here we introduce and design virtual hyperbolic metamaterials (VHMMs) formed by an array of plasma channels in air as a result of self-focusing of an intense laser pulse, and...

The main objectives of this paper are to quantify and qualify changes in building airtightness on different time scales, identify factors that may explain the variations observed. A special measurement protocol, based ISO 9972 but with some additional requirements, was defined after a detailed literature review. For mid-term campaign, 30 new detached houses were measured once per year over 3-ye...

We hypothesized that exposure of healthy humans to ozone at concentrations found in ambient air causes both ozonation and peroxidation of lipids in lung epithelial lining fluid. Smokers (12) and nonsmokers (15) were exposed once to air and twice to 0.22 ppm ozone for four hours with exercise in an environmental chamber; each exposure was separated by at least three weeks. Bronchoalveolar lavage...

Neutrophils (PMNs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The role of the epithelium in the modulation of PMN migration within the lungs was examined. Epithelial integrity and PMN concentrations in the lung air spaces and lymph were measured in sheep anaesthetized with either halothane (1-2.5%) or intravenous pentobarbital (12+/-4 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1))....

Aquatic insects have evolved diverse respiratory strategies that range from breathing atmospheric air to breathing dissolved oxygen. These strategies result in vast morphological differences among taxa in terms of exchange epithelial surface areas that are in direct contact with the surrounding water that, in turn, affect physiological processes. This paper examines the effects of acute tempera...

We studied the effects of uneven pulmonary artery obstruction by microemboli on steady state transvascular fluid and protein exchange in normal and leukopenic sheep. We measured pulmonary artery and left atrial pressures, cardiac output, lung lymph flow, and lymph plasma protein concentrations. Sheep were made profoundly leukopenic by administration of intra-arterial mechlorethamine hydrochlori...

Accurate characterization and modeling of subsurface flow in multi-fluid soil systems require development of a rapid, reproducible experimental method that yields the information necessary to determine the parameters of the capillary pressure–saturation and permeability functions. Previous work has demonstrated that parameter optimization using inverse modeling is a powerful approach to indirec...

This paper improves an analytical model for interior permanent-magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) by a magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) approach. The proposed MEC model consists of three major regions: the stator, the rotor, and the air gap. The conventional reluctance approach is applied to the first two regions. Since the magnetic field in air gap region is supposed to distribute unevenly, t...

[1] Water-level increase after rainfall is usually indicative of rainfall recharge to groundwater. This, however, may not be true if the Lisse effect occurs. This effect represents the water-level increase in a well driven by airflow induced by an advancing wetting front during highly intensive rains. The rainwater, which may behave like a lowpermeability lid, seals the ground surface so that t...