Objective(s) In this study we investigated the expression of GABAA receptor subunits during brain development. These receptors may change in the embryonic chick forebrain. Materials and Methodes The expression levels of four types of GABAA receptor gamma subunits (γ1, γ2, γ3 and γ4) were quantified in the embryonic chick forebrain at 32 hr, 3, 7, 14, and 20 days of incubation and day one aft...

BACKGROUND: The growth and differentiation of skeletal pectoral limb girdle, wing and the ossification centers in these regions after hatching were investigated in some groups of quails. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the age of physical maturity and radiological and histological assessment of the ossification centers of pectoral limb in quail. METHODS: 14 quails after hatch...

Biological cells are complex and highly dynamic: many macromolecules are organized in loose assemblies, clusters or highly structured complexes, others exist most of the time as freely diffusing monomers. They move between regions and compartments through diffusion and enzyme-mediated transport, within a heavily crowded cytoplasm. To make sense of this complexity, computational models, and, in ...

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is used to obtain quantitative information about molecular diffusion and binding kinetics at both cell and tissue levels of organization. FRAP models have been proposed to estimate the diffusion coefficients and binding kinetic parameters of species for a variety of biological systems and experimental settings. However, it is not clear what the ...

Since the mid-1980s, cesarean section rates in Canada have declined. By 1993, 18 of every 100 deliveries were by cesarean section, compared with close to 20 per 100 in 1987. As well, in 1993, 9 of every 100 deliveries were primary cesareans, down from a high of almost 11 per 100 in the mid-1980s. And the repeat cesarean section rate fell from 39 per 100 cesareans in the mid-1980s to 34 in 1993....

Despite cesarean being a major abdominal surgery, the number of cesarean deliveries has been increasing in recent decades in the United States [1-3]. The World Health Organization has stated that national cesarean rates greater than 10-15% indicate unnecessary maternal risk. Nevertheless the current cesarean rate in the US is 32.2% (CDC). With this high rate of cesarean delivery the question of...

I estimate two factor models of Swiss exchange rates during the First World War. I have data for five of the primary belligerents: Britain, France, Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary. At the outbreak of the war, these nations suspended convertibility of their currencies into gold with the promise that after the war each would restore convertibility at the old par. However, once convertibility ...

Document for discussion at the seminar, “Latin America After a Decade of Reforms: What Comes Next?” during the Annual Meetings of the Inter-American Development Bank in Barcelona, March 16, 1997. The opinions expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect the viewpoints of the IDB management or its Board of Executive Directors. The author is grateful for the help of Felipe Barrera and Ma...

The rate of cesarean delivery has increased to more than 32%. To reduce this rate and provide more delivery options, it is necessary to provide greater access to physicians and facilities that can manage labor after cesarean delivery (LAC) and vaginal birth after cesarean delivery (VBAC). This guideline from the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), which provides information on health ...